Microbial physiology and culture (Practical 1 Antibiotics and Agar Coursework

Microbial physiology and culture (Practical 1 Antibiotics and Agar Diffusion) - Coursework Example On the other hand, experiment 2 attempts to investigate the repeatability of the essays using two different methods of antibiotic application to the discs. Lastly, experiment 3 uses gradient plates to qualitatively compare the response of new isolates to a particular antibiotic against a response of a standard strain. Practical 1: Antibiotics and Agar Diffusion Introduction Agar plate diffusion is currently one of the widely used experimental methods to determine the susceptibility of various microorganisms to antimicrobial agents. Generally the principle employed in this method is dependent on the inhibition of the microorganism reproduction on the surface of agar medium by an antimicrobial agent which gradually diffuses into the medium through a filter paper disc. In this regard, the level of susceptibility of the organisms is indicated by the size of the zone of inhibition. Typically when an antibiotic is applied to the agar medium, it moves from its region of high concentration t o the surrounding areas of lower antimicrobial concentration (Cooper, 1993, p.24). Inhibition zone is the clear area of the agar plate where the growth of the microorganisms is prevented by the activities of the microbial agent. The size of inhibition is usually measured and then compared to the standardized measurements in order to determine the level of antibiotic activity on the particular medium. This is primarily because the diameter of the inhibition zone is always a function of the susceptibility of the microorganism and the amount of antibiotics on the medium. Generally there are a number of factors that may affect the antimicrobial activity and consequently determine the size of inhibition zones. Some of the likely factors include agar depth, size of the inoculums and the presence of cations on the medium. The objective of this experiment is to investigate the factors that are responsible for the variation of microbial activity of various antimicrobial drugs on different or ganisms. Methods To investigate the effects of variables such as agar depth, presences of salt and inoculums size on the size of inhibition zones, lawn and seeding methods were used to inoculate the plates. In determining the effect of agar depth on the result of agar plate diffusion, four plates containing 10 cm3, 20 cm3, 20 cm3 and 30 cm3 agar were first swabbed with Eschericia coli 10418 (1:20 dilution). All plates were oriented horizontally except for the third one, which was slanted. Meanwhile, 2 plates each containing 20 cm3 DSTA were inoculated with 100 Â µl of either 1:20 E.coli dilution or undiluted broth culture. 4 discs each containing 20 Â µl 0.5 mg/ml ampicillin were placed in each of the plates. Finally the plates were then incubated overnight at 37Â °C and the variations in the inhibition zone size were recorded. To determine the effect of inoculum size on the antibiotic activity, 0.5mg/ml ampillicin solution and the E.coli dilution were used.2 plates with 20 cm3 D STA were poured into the solution. The first inoculate was then spread uniformly on the entire surface of the plate. On the second plate was also inoculated with a containing broth culture of E.coli was also inoculated. Finally 4 amplicin impregnated papers were placed on each plate before they were incubated. To investigate the effects of potassium or calcium ions on zone sizes, 0.1 or 1.0 ml of 2M KCl or CaCl2

The Relation Between L1 and L2 Proficiency Essay Example for Free

The Relation Between L1 and L2 Proficiency Essay Investigations of the relationships between L1 and L2 contextualized and decontextualized language skills among immigrant students will be reviewed according to the background of the students involved. The three major categories are Finnish students in Sweden, Hispanic students in the United States, and Asian students in the United States and Canada. The some additional evidence from bilingual programs involving both majority and minority students will be reviewed and finally we will examine studies involving adult L2 learners. According to some researchers, the defining difference between a first language (L1) and a second language (L2) is the age the person learned the language. For example, linguist Eric Lenneberg used second language to mean a language consciously acquired or used by its speaker after puberty. In most cases, people never achieve the same level of fluency and comprehension in their second languages as in their first language. These views are closely associated with the Critical Period Hypothesis. In acquiring an L2, Hyltenstam (1992) found that around the age of six or seven seemed to be a cut-off point for bilinguals to achieve native-like proficiency. After that age, L2 learners could get near-native-like-ness but their language would, while consisting of few actual errors, have enough errors to set them apart from the L1 group. The inability of some subjects to achieve native-like proficiency must be seen in relation to the age of onset (AO). â€Å"The age of 6 or 8 does seem to be an important period in distinguishing between near-native and native-like ultimate attainment More specifically, it may be suggested that AO interacts with frequency and intensity of language use† (Hyltenstam, 1992, p. 364). Later, Hyltenstam Abrahamsson (2003) modified their age cut-offs to argue that after childhood, in general, it becomes more and more difficult to acquire native-like-ness, but that there is no cut-off point in particular. Furthermore, they discuss a number of cases where a native-like L2 was acquired during adulthood. As we are learning more and more about the brain, there is a hypothesis that when a child is going through puberty, that is the time that accents start. Before a child goes through puberty, the chemical processes in the brain are more geared towards language and social communication. Whereas after puberty, the ability for learning a language without an accent has been rerouted to function in another area of the brain—most likely in the frontal lobe area promoting cognitive functions, or in the neural system of hormone allocated for reproduction and sexual organ growth.

Televisions Impact on Health :: Television Health Eating Essays

Television's Impact on Health In our society, television has become quite the vigorous activity. Sitting up is exhausting so most people lie down while watching television. If you were to eat at a fast food restaurant, and then head home for a bowl of ice cream for desert, oh, and then not to mention that bag of chips while you watch your favorite Reality TV series, you are asking for something that you are not going to be happy with. What is it that you are asking for? It is called obesity. I have found myself eating at McDonald’s on countless occasions. The reason I am not obese, however, is the fact you will only find me at a fast food restaurant when I am pressed for time and I am on my way to a three to four hour practice. Obesity has very little to do with what we eat because the true problem behind obesity is none other than the fact that our society does not do anything after eating unhealthily. In Europe, people eat seven to eight meals a day and somehow, the majority of Europeans look fantastic. There is a reason for this. After dinner, they do not sit down on the couch for the 1,000th episode of Fear Factor. Instead, they go out for a long walk around the park with their families. David Zinczenko’s, â€Å"Don’t Blame the Eater,† proposes a situation where there is nothing else to eat but fast food. He proves this by saying, â€Å"Drive down any thoroughfare in America, and I guarantee you’ll see one of our country’s 13,000 McDonald’s restaurants,† he explains, â€Å"Now drive back up the block and try to find someplace to buy a grapefruit.† It is true that this statement has much truth. I am sorry to say, sadly, that it has no legitimacy. It seems that Zinczenko is using diction that not only parents can understand, but one that the general public, including those that are uneducated can understand. He uses a variety of sentence structures to lure in his readers and to make his research appear striking. The most appealing part of his essay was the way he spoke in a first person perspective and gave hope to those obese teenagers by telling them that to lose the weight form eating at McDonald’s, they are going to need to join the Navy Reserves or a similar program.

Chapter 16-17

Week Three E16-17 Req. 1 Fido Grooming| Income Statement| Month of April| Wages| 3,900. 00| Grooming Supplies Expense| 1,625. 00| Building Rent Expense| 1,300. 00| Utilities| 325. 00| Depreciation on Equipment| 130. 00| Total Operating Expense| 7,280. 00| | | Income for April| 16,300. 00| Net Operating Income = Income – Operating ExpenseNOI= 16,300. 00 – 7280. 00NOI = 9,020. 00| | Req. 2 Unit Cost Per Service = Total Service Cost/Total Number of Services Provided UCPS = 7,280. 00 / 650 UCPS = 11. 20 Unit cost to groom one dog = $11. 20 P 16-25A Req. 1 Fido Treats|Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured| Year Ended December 31, 2012| Beginning Work in Process Inventory| | 13,400. 00| | Direct Materials Used:| | | | Beginning Direct Materials Inventory| -| -| | Purchases of Direct Materials (Including Freight In)| 33,000. 00| -| | Available for Use| 33,000. 00| | | Ending Direct Materials Inventory| 2,000. 00| | | Direct Materials Used| | 31,000. 00| | Direct Labor| | 22,0 00. 00| | Manufacturing Overhead:| | | | Indirect Materials| 1,700. 00| | | Indirect Labor| 800. 00| | | Depreciation – Plant and Equipment| -| | |Plant Utilities, Insurance, and Property Taxes| 1,600. 00| | | Total Manufacturing Overhead| | 4,100. 00| | Total Manufacturing Costs Incurred During the Year| | | 57,100. 00| Total Manufacturing Costs to Account For| | | 70,500. 00| Ending Work in Process Inventory| | | (2,000. 00)| Costs of Goods Manufactured| | | 68,500. 00| Req. 2 Fido Treats| Income Statement| Year Ended December 31, 2012| Sales Revenue| | 109,000. 00| Less: Sales Returns and Allowances| -| | Less: Sales Discounts| -| | | | -| Net Sales Revenue| | 109,000. 00|Cost of Goods Sold:| | | Beginning Finished Goods Inventory| -| | Cost of Goods Manufactured| 68,500. 00| | Cost of Goods Available for Sale| 68,500. 00| | Ending Finished Goods Inventory| 5,300. 00| | Cost of Goods Sold| | 82,600. 00| Gross Profit| | 26,400. 00| Operating Expense| | | Wage Expense| 5,000 . 00| | Rent Expense| 13,000. 00| | Hotline Expense| 1,400. 00| | Total Operating Expense| | 19,400. 00| Operating Income| | 7,000. 00| Net Income| | 7,000. 00| P 17-26A Req. 1 Job Cost Record| JOB NO. 423CUSTOMER NAME: Lu Technology, Co.JOB DESCRIPTION: 5,900 DVDs| DATE PROMISED 4-5| DATE STARTED 4-2| DATE COMPLETED 4-3| DATE| DIRECT MATERIALS| DIRECT LABOR| MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD ALLOCATED| | REQUISITION NO. | AMOUNT| LABOR TIME RECORD NO. | AMOUNT| DATE| RATE| AMOUNT| 4| 2| 64| 341. 00| 10| 140. 00| 4-3| 125%| Of Direct Labor Cost| 500. 00| 4| 2| 64| 675. 00| | | | | | | 4| 3| 74| 126. 00| 20| 260. 00| Overall Cost Summary| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Direct materials| 1,142. 00| | | | | | | Direct labor| 400. 00| | | | | | | Manufacturing overhead allocated| 500. 00| Totals| | 1,142. 0| | 400. 00| Total Job Cost| 2,042. 00| | Cost per DVD| 0. 35| Req. 2 Journal Entry| DATE| ACCOUNTS AND EXPLANATIONS| POST. REF. | DEBIT| CREDIT| Apr| 2| Materials Inventory: Requisition 63 Polycarbo nate Plastic| | 341. 00| | | | Accounts Payable| | | 341. 00| | | | | | | | 2| Materials Inventory: Requisition 64: Acrylic Plastic| | 675. 00| | | | Accounts Payable| | | 675. 00| | | | | | | | 3| Materials Inventory: Requisition 74: Refined Aluminum| | 126. 00| | | | Accounts Payable| | | 126. 00| | | | | | | | | Materials Inventory: Movie File| | 2,950. 00| | | Accounts Payable| | | 2,950. 00| | | | | | | Req. 3 Journal Entry| DATE| ACCOUNTS AND EXPLANATIONS| POST. REF. | DEBIT| CREDIT| Apr| 3| Finished Goods Inventory| | 5,900. 00| | | | Work In Process Inventory| | | 5,900. 00| | | | | | | | 3| Accounts Receivable| | 7,670. 00| | | | Sales Revenue| | | 7,670. 00| | | | | | | | 3| Cost of Goods Sold| | 5,900. 00| | | | Finished Goods Inventory| | | 5,900. 00| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | P 17A-11A Req. 1 Compute the number of equivalent units and the cost per equivalent unit in the Assembly Department for November. Amy Electronics| * Equivalent Units – Assembly De partment| * Month Ended November 30| * | * | * | * Step 2: Equivalent Units| * Whole Units| * Direct Materials| * Conversion Costs| * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | Req. 1 Amy Electronics| Cost per Equivalent Unit – Assembly Department| Month Ended November 30| | * | * | | * | * | * | | * | * | * | | * | * | * | | * | * | * | | * | * | * | | * * Req. 2Assign total costs in the Assembly Department to (a) units completed and transferred to Programming during November and (b) units still in process at November 30. * Amy Electronics| * Assignment of Cost – Assembly Department| * Month Ended November 30| * | * | | | * | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | Req. 3 Prepare a T-account for Work in process inventory—Assembly to show its activity during November, including the November 30 balance. Work in process inventory- Assembly| * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |

Arms Trade

â€Å"I have seen how easy it is for nuclear contamination to occur, and how hard it is to clean it up†¦. Do nations possess nuclear, chemical and biological weapons because of fear of attack from some other nation, or is it because without them the strong cannot exploit the weak? † Andreas T. The arms trade is a major cause of human rights abuses. Some governments spend more on military expenses than on social development, communications infrastructure and health combined. While every nation has the right and the need to ensure its security, in these changing times, arms requirements and procurements may need to change too. Each year, around $45-60 billion worth of arms sales are agreed. Some two-thirds of sales are made to developing countries. The 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council (US, Russia, France, United Kingdom and China), together with Germany and Italy account for over 80% of the arms sold between 2001 and 2008. Some of the arms sold go to regimes where human rights violations will occur. Corruption often accompanies arms sales due to the large sums of money involved. World military spending had reduced since the Cold War ended, but a few nations such as the US retain high level spending. In recent years, global military expenditure has increased again and is now comparable to Cold War levels again. Recent data shows global spending at over $1. 4 trillion, annually (or $1. 2 trillion at constant 2005 prices). The highest military spender is the US accounting for just under half of the world’s spending, more than the rest of the G7 (most economically advanced countries) combined, and more than all its potential enemies, combined.

Brand and Nescafe Essays

Brand and Nescafe Essays Brand and Nescafe Paper Brand and Nescafe Paper The beginnings of Nescafe can be traced all the way back to 1930, when the Brazilian government first approached Nestle. At that point Brazilian coffee meets Swiss science. Nestle’s coffee researcher Max Morgenthaler, and his team set out immediately to find a way of producing a quality cup of coffee that could be made simply by adding water, yet would retain the coffee’s natural flavor. After seven long years of research in Nestle’s Swiss laboratories, the answer was found. The new product was named NESCAFE – a combination of Nestle and cafe but word wide cafe means coffeehouses or coffee-bars. Nescafe was first introduced in Switzerland, on April 1st, 1938. For the first half of the next decade, however, World War II hindered its success in Europe. Nescafe was soon exported to France, Great Britain and the USA. Without realizing it, America played a key role in re-launching Nescafe on the continent by virtue of the fact that it was included in their food rations. Its popularity grew rapidly through the rest of the decade. By the 1950s, coffee had become the beverage of choice for teenagers, who were flocking to coffeehouses to hear the new rock ’n’ roll music. It is currently estimated that, on average, some 3,000 cups of Nescafe are drunk every second. As is evident Nescafe’s come a long way since 1938 and all is owed to Max Morgenthaler and his team! In Bangladesh under the sole distributorship of Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. , Nescafe Classic was first introduced in 1998. This was a beverage aimed at the upper and middle segment of the population. In October 2000, another Nescafe beverage Nescafe Sunrise was introduced for the lower income population. Other Nescafe products available in the market such as Nescafe Gold, Nescafe gold Blend are all imported and not distributed by Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. NESCAFE has over 70 years of expertise in selecting the best beans, blending, roasting and extracting the flavor of coffee. Our commitment to quality is tested millions of times every day by millions of coffee lovers around the world. - Brand Elements of Nescafe * Brand Name: Nescafe(Nestle + cafe) * Logo: * Symbol: Red Mug * Slogan: Get Set Go!!! * Packaging: Glass, Plastic amp; Aluminum foil * Color: Red, Black amp; Grey * Jingle:CholoSobai†¦ * URL: www. nescafe. com Figure 1: Brand Elements of Nescafe Nescafe Bangladesh Brand Positioning Positioning Statement â€Å"Nescafe is a contemporary, up-beat brand of distinctive quality that offers me a rewarding coffee experience every time, everywhere. † Segmentation and Target Market The company has determined Nescafe’s target market based on a multi-attribute segmentation model. The pattern of segmentation selected is homogenous as well as heterogeneous segmentation based on the analysis of urban and rural area of B angladesh. Behavioral Segmentation Usage Rate: Markets are segmented in to heavy coffee-drinkers, medium to light consumers. Nescafe tries to capture heavy to medium users of its product. Nescafe all products category are positioned on the basis of the consumption rate of consumer. Occasions: Nescafe promotes its beverages as ideal for all occasions such as breakfast, midday, evening, night (when you want to stay awake), important days such as Valentine’s Day, Eid-ul-Fitre and Eid-ul-Azha and so on. Benefits: Nescafe users has been classified as ‘people who seek to be recharged’, ‘people who want to let others know that they have important stations in life’, ‘those who want to start their day with something positive’ and so on. User Status: Nescafe’s markets can be segmented into nonusers, potential users, first-time users and regular users of coffee. So that, some geographic areas people are more potential to buy Nescafe. That’s why, Nescafe distribute more product in that area and the extended distribution according to user status. Demographic Segmentation Income Level: The target market includes all those individuals having a monthly income at least greater than or equal to Tk. 10000. this is basically the target market in order to those who has ability to buy Nescafe. On the other hand to market their premium brand product, Nescafe have different income level consumer for whom Nescafe market has to be obtained their premium product through distribution in different retail shop. Age and Life-Cycle Stage: Nescafe targets the late teens to early thirties segment of the population. As its secondary target market it aims at the 30+ segments. According to Nescafe it is the 18-30s market in Bangladesh that shall be its future potential coffee drinkers and hence it focuses on appealing to them. PsychographicsSegmentation Lifestyle: People believe that coffee consumption is an indicator of their rich and prosperous standard of living. Nescafe users or potential users are assessed to be individuals with active lifestyles and hence Nescafe produced its line of Instant beverages. Personality:Nescafe has an ability of its products with a brand personality that corresponds to its present and potential consumers. Some of the personality traits of Nescafe are: Confident, Positive, Success and Achievement-Oriented,  Getting started in life,  Dynamic and  Optimistic. Social Class: Coffee is a drink for the affluent segment of the society. As such Nescafe targets the upper strata of society through different line extension of premium brand such as Nescafe Gold, Nescafe Metinal, and Sunrise. Geographic Segmentation Urban area: Positioning different category of Nescafe product according consumer life style. Nescafe have to concentrate on how they are positioning to the urban area, because of the positioning would be different based on the area. That’s why Nescafe can market their all kinds product to the urban area like Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet and so on. Rural Area:Positioning fewer categories of productsin ruralarea of Bangladesh. Usually in rural area people will find out Nescafe 3in1 coffee, because this product is very popular in very corner of Bangladesh and rural people will able to buy this coffee packet as their income level. - Mass Marketing Nescafe Classic Coffee Nescafe Classic Coffee is an all-time favorite in households worldwide. Nescafe Classic is considered to economy price and coffee for the mass consumer. It has a different size of packet to market it for the mass consumer. Premium Product positioning Nescafe Gold is the premium choice for special, smooth cup of coffee every day. Nescafe Gold is positioned to the market according to geographic and psychographic segmentation. Geographic amp;psychographic segmentation is important for positioning Nescafe premium brand. People those who have higher income level and posh lifestyle and looking for different taste of coffee they will buy Nescafe premium products such as Gold, sunrise, Metinal etc. Niche Marketing Nescafe have a very few product for Niche marketing. Nescafe Brazilian is considered to market for Niche consumer. Nescafe Brazilian is made in Brazil. It’s a Very strong and best for black coffee and very premium priced. Adequate Sales Potential in the Segmentation NESCAFE 3in1 NESCAFE 3in1is a perfect mix of coffee, milk or creamer and sugar in an easy way. This coffee is being distributed to the every corner of Bangladesh. That’s why consumers are able to find Nescafe 3 in 1 in a corner of a tea stall to the retail shop. Figure 2: Product Line Extension - Marketing Mix Pricing Strategy by Nescafe, Bangladesh a) Nescafe Classic Coffee 200gm Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 45| 0. 0| 395. 00| Nescafe Classic Coffee 200g Jar| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 1: Nescafe Classic Coffee b) Nescafe Gold-Germany 100gm Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 45| 0. 20| 395. 00| Nescafe Gold Coffee 100g Jar| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 2: Nescafe Gold Coffee c) Nescafe Classic Instant Coffee 100gm Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 23553| 0. 10| 225. 00| Nescafe Classic Instant Coffee 100g Jar| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 3: Nescafe Classic Instant Coffee ) Nescafe 3in1 Coffee 11. 5gm*4pc Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 26191| 11. 50| 24. 00| Nescafe 3in1 11. 5gm*4pc| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 4: Nescafe 3in1 Coffee - Nature of competition A certain type of customer ofte n defines the nature of competition because others firms have also decided to target that segment in the plane to do in the future because consumer in that segment already may look to other brand in their purchase decisions. Major Competition takes on others basis of channels of distribution, resources, capabilities amp; price. - Distribution Strategy by Nescafe, Bangladesh Nescafe use temperature resistant glass which helps to protect the coffee from moisture and oxygen. As Nescafe do not use any preservative for their coffee, so air tight foil of the jar plays a vital role for keeping the coffee fresh for long time. Nescafe jars are imported by Nestle Bangladesh from Nestle Malaysia. For jars only one packaging activity is conducted here in Bangladesh that is labeling. Nestle Bangladesh only change the label of the jars in the factory of Sreepur. But the Sachet and Nescafe 3 in 1 is packaged in Bangladesh. For sachet and Nescafe 3 in 1 raw material such as coffee, Coffee mate are imported from Malaysia and they use local sugar [United Sugar Mills Ltd, Abdul Monem Sugar Refinery (Igloo sugar)]. In the factory of Sreepur they mix coffee, coffee mate, sugar to produce Nescafe 3 in 1. Nestle have started this production from November, 2009 they have the local supplier of packaging material for these products, e. g. Anmon Packages Ltd. In total they have 15 local supplier of packaging material. These suppliers always design the packaging material like- label, sachet etc according to the demand of Nestle Bangladesh. Nestle use food grade plastic for packaging Nescafe 3 in 1 and Sachet. Nestle always help these suppliers by giving them proper training. They also share resources with packaging suppliers. - Distribution channel of Nescafe After analyzing all the processes of Supply Chain Management of Nescafe we have identified that their supply chain management is very much effective. The reasons behind our perception are as follows: Collection of raw material: Nescafe is collecting raw materials from the suppliers who can guarantee about quality. Nescafe is always conscious about the quality that’s why they are encouraging the suppliers not to use more fertilizer and insecticides. These things are helping Nescafe to deliver quality products. In case of processing the coffee beans Nescafe is very much careful about quality. They are not using any kind of preservatives which ensures better quality. Packaging: Their packaging is not only attractive but also helps to keep the coffee fresh for long time. Nescafe is also helping their packaging suppliers to improve the packaging quality. Nescafe strong distribution network are making Nescafe available all over the country. They can reach any corner of the country with their distribution network but others like Mac coffee may not be able to do so. Nescafe| Mac coffee| Strong distribution network| Weak distribution network| - Point of Parity amp; Point of Difference There are two important concepts when it comes to positioning: points of parity and points of difference. When a brand establishes a frame of reference, or competitive set, there are obvious points of parity. These are features and benefits offered by basically everyone. In our product Nescafe coffee also provide same raw material, same taste, and same flavor. These are all point of parity. Points of difference are the things that help a brand stand out. These are the factors that drive purchase. These Nescafe coffees have some unique difference than other products. This product have Low price with high quality, Taste with low calories, Nutritious with good tasting, affection with mild. - Brand Exploratory Research Methodology It is a systematic approach of detailed assessment of brand equity, collecting the information; analyzing the information and providing alternate suggestions. Three type of project research can be distinguished. Some research is exploratory, i. e. to gather preliminary data to shed light on the real nature of the problem and suggest possible hypothesis on new ideas. Defining the purpose and research objective The research objective state that what information is needed to perform a detailed assessment of brand equity using some concepts and tools. The objective of the research is doing competitive analyses of Nescafe Coffee and finding the shortcoming it. Developing Research Plan Once the objective is defined, the next step is to prepare a plan for getting the information needed for the research. The present study will adopt exploratory approach. Where there is a need to gather a large amount of information before making a conclusion if required. The descriptive and casual approaches may also be used. Collection and sources of Data To collect the data, relevant information is necessary as regards to the project; as a result data was collected by using two ways: * Primary Data * Secondary Data Primary Data: The information is being possessed with first-hand information, which is new and fresh. The tools used by us for the primary data are as follow: * Questionnaire * Face-to-face interview Secondary Data: The information that is received with the help of Journals, Magazines, or which is already present with the company. * References used from management books Gathered information through World Wide Web (www). Sampling Plan Sampling unit: The respondents were mainly the IUB graduate students. Sampling size: A survey was conducted for 30 thirty respondents across IUB. Analyze the collected information This involves converting raw material in to useful information. It involves tabulation of data and using statically measures on them for developing frequency distribution, knowledge abo ut the brand, and popularity of the brand and consumer perception towards the brand. Report research finding This phase will mark the culmination of the marketing research efforts. The report with the research finding is a formal written document. Based on the term paper and the current market situation of Nescafe, we have made some questionnaire and based on the information, we demonstrated brand exploratory Some of the major questionnaire discussion is described below – 1. Do you prefer Nescafe when you like to take coffee? Figure 3: Sales On the above pie chart we can see that 93% students are saying that they like to have Nescafe whenever they like to take coffee. So it can be measured that how much popular the Nescafe brand is. 2. Do you find out Nescafe available whenever you want to have it? Figure 4: Product Availability From the above pie chart we can demonstrated that 90% people find Nescafe available everywhere. That means Nescafe distribution is very strong, that’s why most of the consumer able to buy it from their near shop. 3. Do you think Nescafe price is adequate with its quality? From the below pie chart we measure that how consumer perceived about Nescafe price. 83% people think that the price of Nescafe is adequate with its quality and rest of the respondent think its not adequate and some respondent think it may go with its price. Figure 5: Price Adequacy with Price . How many times a day you like to have a Nescafe while in work? Figure 6: Consumption Rate It is very important for Nescafe that how much coffee Bangladeshi people are consuming. From the above pie chart it can be measured that every day consumer like to have Nescafe, 43% respondent are having Nescafe in every day and 34% people like to have coffee more than two times. In Bangladesh Nesca fe is doing their business very effectively and very efficiently. Nescafe promotional activities are very effective as well. Most of the respondents like Nescafe promotion and advertisement. So that consumer get more knowledgeable about Nescafe as well as consumer will be affiliated with the brand. We have asked to the respondents regarding Nescafe promotional activities which are described below – 5. Do you think that the current promotion effort of Nescafe coffee is enough for you to know about its product? (If your answer is no then give your opinion) Figure 7: Perception towards Nescafes Current Promotion From the above mentioned pie chart we demonstrate that Nescafe current promotion is obtaining to associate with more consumers. As a result, Nescafe is capturing their market share promptly as they have already captured most of the market share. In additional to this, Nescafe is very much concerned about their distribution channel. Consumers are able to find Nescafe every retail shop to tea stall in most of the corner of the country. Especially Nescafe 3in1 is very popular for tea stall. Moreover, Nescafe premium brand such as Gold, Matanil and so on is being distributed to the specific geographic area where consumer would like to have those premium brands. - Recommendation * Targeting to huge rural population After reviewing all the things we have come up with some recommendations for Nescafe which are as follows Coffee for rural areas of Bangladesh: For the product Nescafe Nestle Bangladesh limited can target the huge rural population of Bangladesh. Because they have a very strong distribution network and they also have different product categories of Nescafe. * Establishment of Coffee processing plant and Packaging materials industry Nestle basically import Coffee bulk and other finished products of Nescafe from Nestle Malaysia. They also rely on the outside suppliers for packaging materials. But we think that, they can establish their coffee processing plant and packaging materials industry in Bangladesh because of cheap labor price in Bangladesh and Nestle Bangladesh ltd also get good support from the parent company. * Introducing premium brand to the premium restaurant across the cities of Bangladesh Nescafe basically distribute their all premium brand in some specific area where consumer’s living standard and life style is very rich. However, if Nescafe can introduce their premium brand to the different popular restaurant as well as famous fast-food chain in the urban area such as Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet, Nescafe will retain huge number of consumer. As a result, the consumption rate of the premium brand will rise. - References * nescafe. com/worldwide/en/Pages/Home. aspxy * http://nestle. bdjobs-server. com/bd. htm * scribd. com/doc/23372208/COMPETITIVE-ANALYSES-OF-NESTLE’S-NESCAFE - Questionnaire 1. Do you prefer Nescafe when you like to take coffee? a. YESb. NO 2. Do you find out Nescafe available whenever you want to have it? b. YESb. NOc. SOMETIMES 3. Do you think Nescafe price is adequate with its quality? c. YESb. NOc. MAY BE 4. How many times a day you like to have a Nescafe while in work? d. LESS THAN 1b. 1-2 TIMES c. 2-4 TIMESd. MORE THAN 4 5. Do you think that the current promotion effort of Nescafe coffee is enough for you to know about its product? (If your answer is no then give your opinion) e. YESb. NO

History of Romance Dating Customs

History of Romance Dating Customs Where would we be without romance? What was courtship and marriage like for our distant ancestors? Beginning with the ancient Greeks recognition of the need to describe more than one kind of love, inventing the word eros to describe carnal love, and agape to mean a spiritual love, take a stroll back through romantic heritage with this timeline of romantic customs, dating rituals, and tokens of love. Ancient Courtship In ancient times, many of the first marriages were by capture, not choice - when there was a scarcity of nubile women, men raided other villages for wives. Frequently the tribe from which a warrior stole a bride would come looking for her, and it was necessary for the warrior and his new wife to go into hiding to avoid being discovered. According to an old French custom, as the moon went through all its phases the couple drank a brew called metheglin, which was made from honey. Hence, we get the word, honeymoon. Arranged marriages were the norm, primarily business relationships born out of the desire and/or need for property, monetary or political alliances. Medieval Chivalry From buying a woman dinner to opening a door for her, many of todays courting rituals are rooted in medieval chivalry. During medieval times, the importance of love in a relationship emerged as a reaction to arranged marriages but was still not considered a prerequisite in matrimonial decisions. Suitors wooed their intended with serenades and flowery poetry, following the lead of lovelorn characters on stage and in verse. Chastity and honor were highly regarded virtues. In 1228, it is said by many that women first gained the right to propose marriage in Scotland, a legal right that then slowly spread through Europe. However, a number of historians have pointed out that this supposed leap year proposal statute never occurred, and instead gained its legs as a romantic notion spread in the press.   Victorian Formality During the Victorian Era (1837-1901), romantic love became viewed as the primary requirement for marriage and courting became even more formal - almost an art form among the upper classes. An interested gentleman could not simply walk up to a young lady and begin a conversation. Even after being introduced, it was still some time before it was considered appropriate for a man to speak to a lady or for a couple to be seen together. Once they had been formally introduced, if the gentleman wished to escort the lady home he would present his card to her. At the end of the evening, the lady would look over her options and choose who would be her escort. She would notify the lucky gentleman by giving him her own card requesting that he escort her home. Almost all courting took place in the girls home, under the eye of watchful parents. If the courting progressed, the couple might advance to the front porch. Smitten couples rarely saw each other without the presence of a chaperone, and mar riage proposals were frequently written. Courtship  Customs Tokens of Love Some of the Nordic countries have courtship customs involving knives. For example, in Finland when a girl came of age, her father let it be known that she was available for marriage. The girl would wear an empty sheath attached to her girdle. If a suitor liked the girl, he would put a puukko knife in the sheath, which the girl would keep if she was interested in him.The custom of bundling, found in many parts of 16th and 17th century Europe and America, allowed courting couples to share a bed, fully clothed, and often with a bundling board between them or bolster cover tied over the girls legs. The idea was to allow the couple to talk and get to know each other but in the safe (and warm) confines of the girls house.Dating back to 17th century Wales, ornately carved spoons, known as lovespoons, were traditionally made from a single piece of wood by a suitor to show his affection to his loved one. The decorative carvings have various meanings - from an anchor meaning I desire to settl e down to an intricate vine meaning love grows. Chivalrous gentlemen in England often sent a pair of gloves to their true loves. If the woman wore the gloves to church on Sunday it signaled her acceptance of the proposal.In some parts of 18th-century Europe, a biscuit or small loaf of bread was broken over the head of the bride as she emerged from the church. Unmarried guests scrambled for the pieces, which they then placed under their pillows to bring dreams of the one they would someday marry. This custom is believed to be the precursor of the wedding cake.Many cultures throughout the world recognize the idea of matrimony as the ties that bind. In some African cultures, long grasses are braided together and used to tie the hands of the groom and bride together to symbolize their union. Delicate twine is used in the Hindu Vedic wedding ceremony to bind one of the brides hands to one of the hands of the groom. In Mexico the practice of having a ceremonial rope loosely place around both of the necks of the bride and groom to bind t hem together is common.

Battle of Albuera in the Peninsular War

Battle of Albuera in the Peninsular War Battle of Albuera -Conflict Date: The Battle of Albuera was fought on May 16, 1811, and was part of the Peninsular War, which was part of the larger Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Armies Commanders: Allies Marshal William BeresfordLieutenant General Joaquin Blake35,884 men French Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult24,260 men Battle of Albuera - Background: Advancing north in early 1811, to support French efforts in Portugal, Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult invested the fortress city of Badajoz on January 27. After stubborn Spanish resistance, the city fell on March 11. Learning of Marshal Claude Victor-Perrins defeat at Barrosa the next day, Soult left a strong garrison under Marshal Édouard Mortier and retreated south with the bulk of his army. With his situation in Portugal improving, Viscount Wellington dispatched Marshal William Beresford to Badajoz with the goal of relieving the garrison. Departing on March 15, Beresford learned of the citys fall and slowed the pace of his advance. Moving with 18,000 men, Beresford scattered a French force at Campo Maior on March 25, but was subsequently delayed by a wide range of logistical issues. Finally laying siege to Badajoz on May 4, the British were forced to cobble together a siege train by taking guns from the nearby fortress town of Elvas. Reinforced by the remnants of the Army of Estremadura and the arrival a Spanish army under General Joaquà ­n Blake, Beresfords command numbered over 35,000 men. Battle of Albuera - Soult Moves: Underestimating the size of the Allied force, Soult gathered 25,000 men and began marching north to relieve the Badajoz. Earlier in the campaign, Wellington has met with Beresford and suggested the heights near Albuera as a strong position should Soult return. Utilizing information from his scouts, Beresford determined that Soult intended to move through the village on his way to Badajoz. On May 15, Beresfords cavalry, under Brigadier General Robert Long, encountered the French near Santa Marta. Making a hasty retreat, Long abandoned the east bank of the Albuera River without a fight. Battle of Albuera - Beresford Responds: For this he was sacked by Beresford and replaced by Major General William Lumley. Through the day on the 15th, Beresford moved his army into positions overlooking the village and river. Placing Major General Charles Altens Kings German Legion Brigade in the village proper, Beresford deployed Major General John Hamiltons Portuguese division and his Portuguese cavalry on his left wing. Major General William Stewarts 2nd Division was placed directly behind the village. Through the night additional troops arrived and Blakes Spanish divisions were deployed to extend the line south. Battle of Albuera - The French Plan: Major General Lowry Coles 4th Division arrived in the early morning of May 16 after marching south from Badajoz. Unaware that the Spanish had joined with Beresford, Soult devised a plan for assaulting Albuera. While Brigadier General Nicolas Godinots troops attacked the village, Soult intended to take the bulk of his troops in a wide flank attack on the Allied right. Screened by olive groves and freed from the hassle of Allied cavalry, Soult began his flanking march as Godinots infantry moved forward with cavalry support. Battle of Albuera - The Fight is Joined: To sell the diversion, Soult advanced Brigadier General Franà §ois Werlà ©s men on Godinots left, causing Beresford to reinforce his center. As this occurred, French cavalry, then infantry appeared on the Allied right. Recognizing the threat, Beresford ordered Blake to shift his divisions to face south, while ordering the 2nd and 4th Divisions to move to support the Spanish. Lumleys cavalry was dispatched to cover the right flank of the new line, while Hamiltons men shifted to aid in the fighting at Albuera. Ignoring Beresford, Blake only turned four battalions from General Gen Josà © Zayas division. Seeing Blakes dispositions, Beresford returned to the scene and personally issued orders to bring the rest of the Spanish into line. Before this could be accomplished, Zayas men were assaulted by the division of General Jean-Baptiste Girard. Immediately behind Girard, was General Honorà © Gazans division with Werlà © in reserve. Attacking in a mixed formation, Girards infantry met fierce resistance from the outnumbered Spaniards but were able to slowly push them back. To support Zayas, Beresford sent forward Stewarts 2nd Division. Rather than forming behind the Spanish line as ordered, Stewart moved around the end of their formation and attacked with Lieutenant Colonel John Colbornes brigade. After meeting initial success, a heavy hail storm erupted during which Colbornes men were decimated by an attack on their flank by French cavalry. Despite this disaster, the Spanish line stood firm causing Girard to halt his assault. The pause in the fighting allowed Beresford to form Major General Daniel Houghton and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Abercrombies behind the Spanish lines. Advancing them forward, they relieved the battered Spanish and met Gazans attack. Focusing on Houghtons segment of the line, the French battered the defending British. In brutal fighting, Houghton was killed, but line held. Watching the action, Soult, realizing he was badly outnumbered, began to lose his nerve. Advancing across the field, Coles 4th Division entered the fray. To counter, Soult dispatched cavalry to attack Coles flank, while Werlà ©s troops were thrown at his center. Both attacks were defeated, though Coles men suffered heavily. As the French were engaging Cole, Abercrombie pivoted his relatively fresh brigade and charged into Gazan and Girard’s flank driving them from the field. Defeated, Soult brought up troops to cover his retreat. Battle of Albuera - Aftermath: One of the bloodiest battles of the Peninsular War, the Battle of Albuera cost Beresford 5,916 casualties (4,159 British, 389 Portuguese and 1,368 Spaniards), while Soult suffered between 5,936 and 7,900. While a tactical victory for the Allies, the battle proved to be of little strategic consequence as they were forced to abandon their siege of Badajoz a month later. Both commanders have been criticized for their performance in the battle with Beresford failing to use Coles division earlier in the fight and Soult being unwilling to commit his reserves to the assault. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of AlbueraPeninsular War: Battle of AlbueraHistory of War: Battle of Albuera

Scale in Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scale in Space - Essay Example While the earth has the biotic diversity with defining interactions, little evidence exists to show possible existence of life in the other planets. This induces uncertainty and prompts need for research amidst theories that people have help about the universe. Efforts by astronomers, into developed knowledge about each planet of the solar system has however developed awareness of each planet’s potential and helped to dispel wrong perspectives that people had developed, and held on, about the planets (Trimble 19). Information exist that demonstrate order in the universe, an arrangement whose existence is known but whose origin and history remains a mystery that only scientific research can unlock. The course has however, and through different approaches, been helpful in developing knowledge on the solar system. Its content that covers much information about the solar system has been informative, and independent research on emerging issues and concerns on existing theories on the solar system has improved my understanding of the system. One of the lessons that I have learnt about the universe is its long-term existence, dating back to more than 38 million years ago. I have also developed insights into forces around the universe that hat has sustained it (Trimble 37). In addition, I have developed great insights from the course with the need to preserve the universe as an important responsibility that human beings have. In understanding the role of the earth in the universe, the course has info rmed me of the need for human beings to be effectively involved in ensuring sustainability of the universe. Even though natural mechanisms exist, initiated and facilitated by different elements of the solar system, which ensures sustainability of the solar system, humans must play an active role in the sustainability through controlling

The Conspiracies Surrounding the Assassination of John F. Kennedy Research Paper

The Conspiracies Surrounding the Assassination of John F. Kennedy - Research Paper Example It is evident from the opinion poll conducted by ABC News in 2003 wherein 70 percent of the people did not approve of the fact that Oswald planned the assassination by himself, and no outside forces were involved in the plotting. Their argument was that bullets aimed at from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository could not have succeeded in aiming at the President. They felt the presence of another gunman, possibly aiming at from the Grassy knoll of Dealey Plaza. There were still others who felt that President Kennedy was assassinated under a greater conspiracy. Doubt has been expressed over the role of CIA agents who might have shown their anguish over the Bay of Pigs or at the provocation of Vice President Lyndon Johnson. KGB functionaries were also under the scanner besides mobsters who were annoyed at Kennedy's brother for prosecuting organized crime rings. Thus, the assassination of President Kennedy was one of history's most famous political assassinations whose ca use and culprits are still not confirmed. Amid rumors, 32 percent of those polled by ABC think that Oswald acted on his own (Time Specials par. 1-2) Facts There are numerous conspiracy theories doing the rounds around the assassination of President Kennedy. After being arrested, Oswald was shot at and murdered by Jack Ruby not long after being arrested. General opinion was that it was Oswald who assassinated the President but he was not alone. People had doubts over the KGB, the FBI, and the American underworld. Most of the witnesses were not sure as to from which direction the bullets came, strengthening the theory that there were more than one shooter.

LDAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LDAP - Essay Example Therefore, the need to use LDAP becomes largely unnecessary. In its goal to remain lightweight, LDAP does not include a security or encryption service, and with the increasing concerns about network security, this option makes it use less prevalent among businesses and individual users (Gracion Software, 2011). An open source protocol allows user contribution to the software development. When LDAP became open source, the developers intended to eliminate dependence on a select group of vendors and increase the usability options for the internet directory service (Arkills, 2003). By making LDAP an open protocol system, it enabled its usage and faster advancement in a still developing computing field of internet directory services. LDAP is a lightweight directory management program, meaning that it makes minimal use of the system resources. In addition, apart from offering the traditional directory management tasks, LDAP allows directory update tasks. For many organizations with online directories offering selective access to information, LDAP is quite useful as it allows authentication for access to directory services alongside update services in accordance to user preferences. Finally, LDAP helps computers within a network to perform such tasks such as self-authentication to other computers in the network, configure the network environment, and manage access privileges (Arkills, 2003). The use of LDAP is more appropriate for organizations that run online directories. LDAP helps manage directories, especially with regard to update and validation of access by the authorized users (Arkills, 2003). The LDAP is more beneficial to programmers with interest in developing internet directories using C and C++ programs. These programmers usually work with corporate clients such as businesses in creating effective and easy to manage directory systems. LDAP is an

Human Resources #5 -Due Nov 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Human Resources #5 -Due Nov 13 - Essay Example This is highly recommended at lower levels at Abbott Laboratories where knowledge and skills count most to deliver the best products to customers. On the job training can be delivered at the work place itself, as it keeps the focus on the need to upgrade or sharpen the skills in the same area of activity. It will be cost effective as well. This kind of training is most useful at all levels, especially for the new entrants. OJT can be delivered in classrooms as well. The informal way of on the job training fosters better employee relations as well. ‘Special Assignments’ similarly give lower-level executives firsthand experience in working on actual problems. Behavior modeling involves showing trainees the right way of doing something, letting trainees practice that way, and then giving feedback on the trainees’ performance. Modeling is one of the effective ways of learning. Trainees watch films or videos that show models behaving effectively in a problem situation. Role playing will also be very helpful as trainees are given roles to play in a simulated situation. This improves interpersonal skills among the employees. By social reinforcement, the trainer strengthens the learning by complimenting and praising. It helps gaining confidence and getting recognition. When the trained employees carry their learning to the work place by using their updated skills, they will show improved performance. Behavioral methods are more of giving practical training to the trainees. The various methods under Behavioral approach allow the trainee to behavior in a real fashion. These methods are best used for skill development. Any training method that helps building strong teams is of great value to every organization, especially for Abbott Laboratories with its global presence. Team work is the life of an organization. Effective team building techniques are immensely helpful for fostering team spirit and

Psychological Disorders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychological Disorders - Term Paper Example This piece of research paper presents a brief outline in to various psychological disorders and its respective treatments can effectively cure the mental illness or reduce the dangers of it. This paper focuses on major five disorders, namely Mood disorder, Anxiety disorder, Schizophrenic disorder, Somatoform disorder and Sexual disorder. Mood is sustained feeling tone that a person experiences internally and influences his behaviour, attitude and perception of the world. Mood can either be normal, elevated or depressed. Mood disorders are mental conditions that are characterized by loss of sense of control and subjective experience of greater distress (Sadock, Kaplan and Sadock, p. 527). Mood disorders are major depression, bipolar disorders, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorders (Weiten, Lloyd and Dunn, p. 483). A patient with mood disorder may feel euphoric, angry, irritable, dejected, hopeless or apathetic etc. People with major depressive disorder normally show feelings of sadness and despair and they seem less interested in sources of pleasure that they previously found pleasure with. Depressed people seem to avoid activities that they previously found enjoyable. People with bipolar disorder are marked by symptoms of both depressive and manic periods (Weiten, Lloyd and Dunn, p. 495). Mania is when an individual becomes excessively active in either talking too much or distracting others or even becoming aggressive to others. When a person experiences both mania and depression, he is bipolar (Morris and Maisto, p. 492- 493). People with dysthymic disorder are found to be moderately depressed for around two years and people with cyclothymic disorder are found to be experiencing emotional ups and downs for several months. Normally, symptomatic treatment is recommended for the affected symptom like mania or depression.

Today's digital media impact on young people of America Research Paper

Today's digital media impact on young people of America - Research Paper Example Furthermore, numerous young Americans are multitasking, whereby they can be surfing the internet and listening to their favorite music at the same time, thus leading to consuming an average of eleven hours in media content and a minimum of seven hours. Enables Young People to Gain Technological Skills and Literacy Digital media has made a substantial contribution to inclusion of young American into the globalization which is knowledge based. Moreover, there is a substantial difference in the skills required during the past and present in order to foster success. Nevertheless, there are no clarified definitions by policy makers in America regarding education in the digital age, which can contribute to full realization of educational opportunities available for young Americans during the modern world. Furthermore, there are technological and literacy skills that are offered by educators through integration of digital media with the mainstream of the school curriculum, instructions and assessment (Gee, 33). Therefore, digital media have been used as a way of fostering engagement in personalization of leaning for the young Americans in order to facilitate high academic performance. In this case, relevant application of technology can has offer technological and literacy skills that enable children to learn more and provide a basis for assessment though conventional tests. In addition, digital media offers a platform to young Americans to facilitate informed decision making through application of meaningful information that alter the learning opportunities. Consequently, these opportunities are translated into personalized learning, which is the focus on availability of feedback to both students and teacher. Offers New Standard for Communication, Socializing, Interacting Digital media facilitates engagement of young Americans into full-time intimate communities, whereby they have a chance to communicate through various electronic devices such as mobile phones and co mputers (Tamar, 1). In fact, young American have been using new media to socialize and interact, by exploring romantic relationship and other casual interaction ensuring no problems in a situation where the other parties is not interested in an intimate relationship. Therefore, there is ambiguity associated with online socializing, whereby numerous young people are able to shift to an era of exploring in the process of seeking information from the internet. There are ways though which young Americans use digital media to probe into a certain area of interest, whereby they use the interactions consisting of online interest group. In addition, the digital media facilitate a degree of autonomy and freedom for the young Americans, which is less perceptible in a classroom. In this way, the young Americans are able to respect the authority of each other; thereby remaining motivated to learn from peer groups. Fosters a Generation that is Thinking "global" Young Americans are living in a wo rld of globalized media, and there are numerous complexities involved, whereby the young people are able to access globalize media through various forms of technologies. Nevertheless, there are challenges faces in the process of developing theoretical and methodological assumptions concerning research on youth, culture, learning and the use of digital media. There is a significant issue considered in the currently in a

Psychological Disorders Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychological Disorders - Term Paper Example This piece of research paper presents a brief outline in to various psychological disorders and its respective treatments can effectively cure the mental illness or reduce the dangers of it. This paper focuses on major five disorders, namely Mood disorder, Anxiety disorder, Schizophrenic disorder, Somatoform disorder and Sexual disorder. Mood is sustained feeling tone that a person experiences internally and influences his behaviour, attitude and perception of the world. Mood can either be normal, elevated or depressed. Mood disorders are mental conditions that are characterized by loss of sense of control and subjective experience of greater distress (Sadock, Kaplan and Sadock, p. 527). Mood disorders are major depression, bipolar disorders, dysthymic disorder and cyclothymic disorders (Weiten, Lloyd and Dunn, p. 483). A patient with mood disorder may feel euphoric, angry, irritable, dejected, hopeless or apathetic etc. People with major depressive disorder normally show feelings of sadness and despair and they seem less interested in sources of pleasure that they previously found pleasure with. Depressed people seem to avoid activities that they previously found enjoyable. People with bipolar disorder are marked by symptoms of both depressive and manic periods (Weiten, Lloyd and Dunn, p. 495). Mania is when an individual becomes excessively active in either talking too much or distracting others or even becoming aggressive to others. When a person experiences both mania and depression, he is bipolar (Morris and Maisto, p. 492- 493). People with dysthymic disorder are found to be moderately depressed for around two years and people with cyclothymic disorder are found to be experiencing emotional ups and downs for several months. Normally, symptomatic treatment is recommended for the affected symptom like mania or depression.

Poetry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Poetry Analysis - Essay Example ‘Your absence distributed itself†¦ When I sat down in the armchair The silent memories of the departed soul have made a strong impression on the poet who was pregnant at that time. She has expertly used the imagery in the text to capture the soul stirring emotional gap that is evident in the place and time that was once inhabited by him. ‘Friends and relatives kept coming, trying to fill up the house†¦ the green hanger swang empty/ and the head of the table/ demanded a plate’. People and acquaintances come voluntarily to visit the place and pay homage to a person who is so patently loved and who is present despite his physical absence. The poet’s use of the figurative speech, has correctly reflected the acute sense of loss one and all. Another very important feature of the poet’s text is that she has beautifully associated the death with the beginning of life that is growing inside her body. According to her, the inevitability of the death and inconsolable loss has brought for the ultimate truth of the universe. Death is final and one is totally helpless in front of it. The poet has compared this feeling of helplessness to that of the child who is still growing inside the womb of the mother and is totally dependent on her for his survival. Indeed the allegory of death and life is the philosophical reminder that it is a cycle that must be encountered by all. ‘I lay down in the cool waters/ of my own womb/ and became the child/ inside, innocuous/ as a button, helplessly growing’. The stark realities of the life are beyond our control and the poet has succeeded in expressing this ideological philosophy through the simple words by ending the poem with ‘I slept because it was the only/ thing I could do. I even dreamed/ I couldnt stop myself’. ‘Those Winter Days’ by Robert Hayden, is a poem that shows that death has a strange way of acknowledging love that

Economies Of Scale Scope Essay Example for Free

Economies Of Scale Scope Essay Economies of Scope: An economic theory stating that the average total cost of production decreases as a result of increasing the number of different goods produced. For example, McDonalds can produce both hamburgers and French fries at a lower average cost than what it would cost two separate firms to produce the same goods. This is because McDonalds hamburgers and French fries share the use of food storage, preparation facilities, and so forth during production. Another example is a company such as Proctor Gamble, which produces hundreds of products from razors to toothpaste. They can afford to hire expensive graphic designers and marketing experts who will use their skills across the product lines. Because the costs are spread out, this lowers the average total cost of production for each product. Economies of scale are the cost advantages that a business can exploit by expanding their scale of production. The effect of economies of scale is to reduce the average (unit) costs of production. Here are some examples of how economies of scale work: Technical economies of scale: Large-scale businesses can afford to invest in expensive and specialist capital machinery. For example, a supermarket chain such as Tesco or Sainsbury’s can invest in technology that improves stock control. It might not, however, be viable or cost-efficient for a small corner shop to buy this technology. Specialisation of the workforce Larger businesses split complex production processes into separate tasks to boost productivity. By specialising in certain tasks or processes, the workforce is able to produce more output in the same time.

Cassius as Tragic Hero in Julius Caesar Essay -- Julius Caesar Essays

Cassius as Tragic Hero in Julius Caesar    William Shakespeare wrote Julius Caesar around 1599. The role of the `tragic hero' is extremely important as many of the characters in Julius Caesar exemplify the `tragic hero' qualities. Marcus Brutus, and Julius Caesar, display all the qualities of the `tragic hero': they are great men, with character flaws, and as a result of a mistake in decision-making many people suffer. In Cassius one can see these same qualities. Cassius can be seen as another tragic hero in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.    Cassius is a talented general, and does not like the fact that Caesar has become `god-like' in the Roman people's minds (see above quote Act I, Scene ii). Cassius can be seen as a great man because of his standing and title; however, his role as conspirator is much larger, and shows his power over others. Thus, in the eyes of the audience, he is perceived as great. However, he has a flaw, as all tragic heroes do: it is obvious from where his power is situated that he lacks integrity. He is impulsive and unscrupulous; this is...

Cocaine :: essays research papers

Cocaine is a drug extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. It is a potent brain stimulant and one of the most powerfully addictive drugs. Cocaine is distributed on the street in two main forms: cocaine hydrochloride is a white crystalline powder that can be snorted or dissolved in water and injected; and "crack" is cocaine hydrochloride that has been processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water into a freebase cocaine. These chips, chunks, or rocks can be smoked. Cocaine may be used occasionally, daily, or in a variety of compulsive, repeated-use "binges". Regardless of how it is used, cocaine is highly addictive. Crack cocaine and injected cocaine reach the brain quickly and bring an intense and immediate high. Snorted cocaine produces a high more slowly. Cocaine can produce a surge in energy, a feeling of intense pleasure, and increased confidence. The effects of powder cocaine last about 20 minutes, while the effects of "crack" last about 12 minutes. Heavy use of cocaine may produce hallucinations, paranoia, aggression, insomnia, and depression. Cocaine's effects are short lived, and once the drug leaves the brain, the user experiences a "coke crash" that includes depression, irritability, and fatigue. Many people ask is cocaine addictive? Yes. Cocaine can take over your life and cause you to lose interest in everything else. Studies in monkeys have shown that animals will work very hard (press a bar over 10,000 times) for a single injection of cocaine, choose cocaine over food and water, and take cocaine even when this behavior is punished. Animals must have their access to cocaine limited in order not to take toxic or even lethal doses. People addicted to cocaine behave similarly. They will go to great lengths to get cocaine and continue to take it even when it hurts their school or job performance and their relationships with loved ones. Do users develop a tolerance to crack or cocaine? Yes. Users may find they need more and more of the drug to get high. What are the effects of cocaine use? Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system. It acts on the "pleasure centers" of the brain, producing heightened pleasure and increased confidence. Other immediate effects include dilated pupils and elevated blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature. The pleasurable effects of powder cocaine last about 20 minutes. Occasional use can cause a stuffy or runny nose, and chronic use can ulcerate the mucous membrane of the nose. Injecting cocaine with contaminated equipment can cause AIDS, hepatitis, and other diseases. Preparation of freebase cocaine, which involves the use of volatile solvents, can result in death or injury from fire or explosion.

A study of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Essay

1) We could firstly look at the arguments that would justify a company in putting its first loyalty and moral responsibility to its owners as a priority. One of those arguments is the shareholder theory, which states that â€Å"the primary responsibility of a firm is to maximise the wealth of its shareholders† (Friedman, 1962). As Friedman (1970 in Moore 1999) then proceeded to argue, he claimed that society would gain as a whole if businesses were left to do what they do best, create wealth. This argument could also be strengthened by considering the principle of egoism. Egoism, as defined by Baier (1990), expounds that an action is rational if and only if it maximizes one’s self-interest. In contemplating the supporting propositions for a company to owe its first loyalty and moral responsibility to its employees and local community who are affected by its operations, we first examine the corresponding view on shareholder theory which is the stakeholder theory where â€Å"the stakeholder framework places shareholders amongst the multiple stakeholder groups that managers must involve in their decision-making process† (Clarkson, 1995; Donaldson and Preston, 1995) where stakeholder groups would include internal, external and environmental constituents who can place demands on the firm (Ruf et al., 2001). A moral theory that could support this view is the ethical theory of W.D. Ross in which he dictates 7 prima facie duties that each person may bear at any one time. In this case, a company has a duty of fidelity to its owners to act in their interest as well as the duty of nonmaleficence to its employees and the local community. In deciding which duty is more important we can turn to Kantian Ethics and the ethic of care. The second reformulation of the categorical imperative says that we should â€Å"(a)ct in such a way that you treat humanity†¦always..as an end and never simply as a means† (Thomas, 2010). Following that, the duty of fidelity will lose priority to the other as the former may require the company to treat humans as a means to an end. Finally, the ethic of care asks that we care for the well-being of those who are dependent on us (Shaw, Barry, Sansbury, 2009). Therefore, a company should owe its first loyalty and moral responsibility to its employees and the local community who are affected by its operations as they are dependent on the company for their safety. 2) The first reformulation of the categorical imperative in Kantian Ethics conveys the idea of treating others how one would want to be treated by others (Thomas, 2010). By natural logic, this entails the concept of all humans being equal and by that extension the differing economic circumstances of an Indian worker should not be sufficient ground to award a lower compensation. 3) Union Carbide USA may have stated their legal rights as a moral justification to use the forum non conveniens. They may also have utilised the concept of egoism as another justification, in that having the case judged in India would be beneficial to themselves. Reference List Baier, K. (1991), A Companion to Ethics, Blackwell Reference, Oxford Clarkson, M. (1995), ‘A stakeholder framework for analyzing and evaluating corporate social performance’, Academy of Management Review, vol.20, no.1, pp.92-117 Dierksmeier, C. (2013), ‘Kant on Virtue’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.113, no.4, pp597-609 Donaldson, T., Preston, L.E. (1995), ‘The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence, and implications’, Academy of Management Review, vol.20, no.1, pp.65-91 Friedman, M. (1962), Capitalism and Freedom, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL Kant, I. (1966) The Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Ethics, trans. O. Manthey-Zorn, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York Moore, G. (1999), ‘Tinged shareholder theory: or what’s so special about stakeholders?’, Business Ethics: A European Review, vol.8, no.2, pp117-127 Ruf, B.M., Muralidhar, K., Brown, R.M., Janney, J.J., Paul, K. (2001), ‘An empirical investigation of the relationship between change in corporate social performance and financial performance: a stakeholder theory perspective’, Journal of Business Ethics, vol.32, no.2, pp.143-56 Thomas,  L.C. (2010), Lying and Deception : Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford Shaw, W.H., Barry, V., Sansbury, G. (2009), Moral Issues In Business, Cengage Learning Australia

Why are some countries in debt?

Why are some countries in debt? What impact does it have on development? What is debt? On an international scale, debt is the owing of money from one country to another or an international organisation as a result of previous borrowing because of need. Why are some countries in debt? Countries can be in debt for different reasons: 1) Trade deficit When a country's imports are worth more than a country's exports, the country loses money and therefore it is forced to borrow money from other countries or international organisations to try and cover the losses. 2) Natural disasters and tied aid After a natural disaster, a country may become dependent on the aid of another country for a short period of time. However sometimes the aid given is tied aid where the country receiving aid may have to pay back the money given (possibly with interest). They are therefore in debt to the donor country/organisation. 3) Money mismanagement If a country mismanages their use of money (most likely through the government) and spends money unnecessarily while taking out loans to cover the cost, the country can end up in debt. The effect of debt on development When a country is in debt, a majority of the money it generates is used to pay back money to the donor country. This means that there is little money being invested into the social infrastructure of the country, so healthcare and education levels remain the same or get worse overall slowing down or sometimes even reverse developing a country as literacy rates may fall and not enough money could be invested in improving healthcare. Ways of solving debt problems Cancelling debt – What are the advantages and disadvantages? Advantages – The advantages of cancelling debt are that it can allow a poor country to start investing the money it gains into its development/ social infrastructure rather than paying back debt to developed countries. This can overall help to fight poverty and reduce the development gap. In 2005, Zambia had $4 million of debt cancelled and in 2006 it had enough money to pay for free healthcare for millions of people living in rural areas, improving the quality of life. In Tanzania, money saved from debt cancellations allowed the government to abolish primary school fees in 2001. As a result, the number of students that go to primary school doubled. These examples show that by cancelling debt, it allows money to be invested in education which can lead to more people getting jobs, overall contributing to a country's economy, improving the GDP and by investing in healthcare, the life expectancy and infant mortality rate can also decrease. Summary: -a country can invest in its development -It reduces poverty and can reduce the development gap -examples include Zambia and Tanzania Disadvantages – Although cancelling debt can help a country to develop, there are also some disadvantages. Firstly, the donor country loses a significant amount of money which can slightly damage its economy. Developing countries which have had their debt cancelled could start taking out more loans, in the hope of having debt gained from that cancelled as well (This however is unlikely as eventually developed countries will eventually see when a country is not worth giving money to and in a time of crisis, nothing will be given) When a loan is taken, the money should be returned and if it is not, it could give the country which did not pay back, a bad reputation. Summary: – The donor country loses money – Countries could take out more loans – A loan should be paid back if taken in the first place Debt for nature swaps Deforestation largely takes place for economical needs of a country to try and pay off debt. A debt for nature swap is an agreement between a developing nation in debt and one or more of its creditors. In a debt for nature swap, the country or organisation owed money, writes off an amount of debt in return for a certain amount of environmental protection. They were first established in the 1980s in the attempt of solving two problems with one agreement: 1) to minimize the debt of developing nations and 2) to minimize the environmental destruction that frequently takes place in developing countries. A company called WWF (world wide fund for nature) which cooperates with countries such as UK and USA has helped to structure and design many debt for nature swaps. In 2008 they helped to structure and facilitate one of the largest debt for nature swaps in Madagascar's history in which 20 million dollars was committed to preserve the country's rich biodiversity. Also in 2008, the USA reduced Peru's debt by $25 million in exchange for conserving its rainforests. Debt for nature swaps are extremely beneficial because they not only cancel the debt of a country allowing them to invest in development, but it helps to protect the environment and conserve some of the world's rainforests. This makes it better than just cancelling debt.

Cyber Crime & internet

The full realization of the potential benefits brought by internet in the global community is greatly sabotaged by cyber crime activities. Cyber crime is increasingly becoming a major concern across the social, scientific, economic, and law enforcement fronts of the global community. Although the actual economic impact of cyber crimes is hard to qualify, it is estimated that the American nation looses over $100 million on internet related crimes every year. There are numerous types of cyber crimes (Laser, 2009).These includes; identity theft, fraud, hacking, cyber terrorism, malicious computer programs, web posting of offensive materials, and drug trafficking among others. Due to the negative social and economic impact of cyber crime activities, governments and other stakeholders have engaged in a number of prevention measures. They encompass creation of public awareness to enable internet users to identify, report, and/or avoid being victims of such crimes (McDowell, 2008). Software scientists have also engaged in developing effective computer and network security software.In addition to this, there are laws such as the Intellectual Property Law, Electronic Communication Privacy Law, and the 2001 Patriotic Act serve an important role in detecting and prosecuting cyber crime offenders. This essay seeks to discuss malicious computer programs (also know as malware) as a form of cyber crime, its characteristics and how it is prevented, detected, and/or prosecuted. Malicious computer programs are defined as coded programs, which serve either to corrupt the effective functioning of a computer system or lead to unwarranted remote accessing of information from a computer network (Loader, Douglas, & Thomas, 2000).Viruses and worms are the most common types of malicious computer programs or software. Other malicious computer programs include spyware, and Trojan. They are codes which serve to compromise information stored in computer network devices. This type of malicio us computer programs is commonly associated with infecting executable computer files and denial of network access by authorized users (Loader, Douglas, Thomas, 2000). Indeed, through extensive infecting of computer files, such codes are responsible for crashing of computer network devices.Other common forms of malicious computer programs are deceptive Trojan horses, multi-purpose bots, and spyware programs. This is increasingly becoming a common cyber crime. Such programs are characterized by their ability to allow for the stealing of sensitive information from protected networks (Metropolitan Police, 2009). According to available information on these malicious computer programs, they can serve to aid a hacker in remotely accessing passwords and credit card details of network users without detection.In addition, due to their sophisticated capability, such programs are employed for facilitating corrupting of confidential information stored institutional networks (Loader, Douglas, & T homas, 2000). Such can also be used by terrorist groups to qualify the crucial information from their target government prior to attacks. There are numerous ways established for preventing malicious computer programs as a cyber crime activity. The most common measure is the creation of awareness among the general public and institutions on how to identify and mitigate being affected malicious computer programs (McDowell, 2008).To realize this preventive measure, network software scientists have engaged in numerous researches; developing highly intelligent network security software. Indeed, some software such as antivirus are commonly found free in the internet. Such are serving the crucial purpose of mitigating infection of computer networks by malicious computer codes such as virus and worm among others. Still, this intelligent network security software brings with them the ability to identify and deny access of systems by unauthorized users (Lasar, 2009).According to available res earch findings on the effectives of malicious computer programs, it is clearly established that some forms of these programs which are hard to control. In a move to protect the integrity of information technology in the society, it is a common practice for highly sensitive institutions to close down their networks upon realizing any errant behaviors. It is worth noting that such moves are instrumental in ensuring the continued illegal access of networks by hackers. This is usually followed by a change of the overall access security codes and other check requirements.Indeed, for security codes of highly sensitive institutional networks, constant changing is recommended to reduce access chances by hackers. The process of detecting and prosecuting cyber crimes is quite complex. This has been closely attributed to the fact that offenders in these crimes employ high sophisticated technologies (Metropolitan Police, 2009). It is commonly claimed that thieves are usually ahead of technology . Another problem compromising the process of detecting and prosecuting malicious computer programs crime offenders is low rates of reporting such crimes by the victims (McDowell, 2008).Such have also been associated by the failure of network company providers to cooperate with the law enforcement in identifying such incidences. Despite these drawbacks, the war on malicious computer programs as a cyber crime activity has employed a number of methods. First is the use of computer forensic investigation practices to qualify evidence of suspect malicious computer program offender (Lasar, 2009). This process involves technological analysis of collected data by forensic computer scientists.It is to be underscored that according to existing laws such as the Intellectual Property Law and Electronic Communication Privacy Law provides for legal suits against the programmers and distributors of malicious computer programs (Loader, Douglas, Thomas, 2000). Another commonly used measure in detec ting cyber crimes is the tapping of communication networks by law enforcement agents. Although this method has received heavy critics for interfering with the privacy and confidentiality of communication, it serves great purpose in mitigating unwarranted access of sensitive networks.The Patriotic Act of 2001, which allows for government surveillance of the internet, is aimed at mitigating terrorist activities. According to the provisions of the Act, law enforcement is given legal authority to intercept internet communications by crime suspects. Another crucial provision of the Act is its mandatory dictate for network providers to cooperate with the law enforcement in identifying the original of a given communication of malicious programs. Based on this reason, the process of detecting malicious computer programs has significantly improved with the enforcement of the Patriotic Act.Another measure of detecting cyber crime activities is the modern streamlining of the reporting and resp onsiveness practices in the law enforcement (McDowell, 2008). This encourages institutions and individual victims of malicious computer programs to report such incidences, thus enhancing the process of mitigating such criminal activities by the law enforcement agencies. In conclusion, the escalating problem of cyber crime activities is increasingly compromising the realization of the potential benefits brought internet technological advancements in the community.Although all cyber crimes have negative social and economic impacts in the society, malicious computer programs are a real threat to the security of nations across the global. Such programs are evidently blamed for corrupting executable computer network file, crashing of network devices, denying access by authorized users, and allowing access of private information by hackers. Therefore, there is need for more consulted efforts by the computer security software scientists, law enforcement, and other stakeholders to engage in formulating effective measures of fighting cyber crime. References Lasar, M. (2009).An introduction to the FBI’s anti-cyber crime network. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from http://arstechnica. com/web/news/2009/11/an-introduction-to-the-fbis-anti-cybercrime-network. ars Loader, B. , Douglas, T. , & Thomas, D. (2000). Cyber crime: Law Enforcement, Security, and Surveillance in the Information. New York: Routledge. McDowell, M. (2008). National Cyber Alert System. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from http://www. us-cert. gov/cas/tips/ST05-006. html Metropolitan Police. (2009). Trojan’ computer arrests. Retrieved May 28, 2010, from http://cms. met. police. uk/news/arrests_and_charges/trojan_computer_virus_arrests

Lecture on Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lecture on Race - Essay Example However, in the Revisionist School of Thought during the 1950s and 1960s, these teachers were considered protagonists - heroes actually, who were active in fighting for education and for the right to vote. One of the early demands of the freed slaves after the war was the right to education. This was heard by the Northern commanders occupying the South - and this led to the Port Royal Experiment. Furthermore, one of these Freedmen teachers, Mary Peake put up a school in 1861 in Virginia. 2. What was the Supreme Court Decision concerning segregation in the case, Plessy V. Ferguson. What was the Supreme Court Decision concerning segregation in the case, Brown V. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The Supreme Court, accordingly after the Civil War, ruled in favor of the segregation policy in the South, where public places were segregated into different areas for blacks and whites. The rule being followed was "separate but equal" doctrine. In Plessy V. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that Homer Plessy, who was colored yet by blood lineage, more white than black, was fallacious in his thinking by refusing to ride a train coach for colored people in Louisiana because in his view it rendered black people inferior. In its decision, the Supreme Court ruled implicitly that inferiority is a matter of feeling or point of view - "it is not by reason of anything found in the act, but solely because the colored race chooses to put the construction upon it". In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court, on the other hand ruled against the segregation policy, when it said that segregation had no place in public education - "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal". The case arose as black children challenged the decision of the Topeka Board that put up separate facilities for black and white children. 3. What was the difference in their view of native Americans between men authors and women diarists Men and women authors differed when it came to the portrayal of native Americans. Men authors, who were white, were coming from a point of view on which American Indians were the enemies and white men who searched and fought for settlement areas in the West, were the heroes. Their source of information was their experience as white men and those of others who were also like them, white men. They of course emphasized that part of history when men had to conquer the lands, and in that way gave focus to the danger and treachery posed by the native Americans who were the enemies and of the heroic adventures of the settlers. This point of view became the basis for the hostile policy against native Americans. Women authors on the other hand, saw behind the wagon train tales of hostile action and adventure. American Indians, according to the diaries and recollection of women were recorded as friendly and of service. It was as not much of the danger posed by the native American that the women authors spoke of - but of other difficulties such as disease, drowning and death in the move towards the West. Moreover, the women authors portrayed men who were their husbands as not necessarily good hunters or providers. They humanized their men,

Strategic Financial Management Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Strategic Financial Management Master - Essay Example Another school of thought believes that dividends are adverse for the average shareholder as they attract taxes and cause fiscal disadvantages. Last but not the least the third group lauds large dividends as positive signal to shareholders that all is well. So where does the modern shareholder satisfaction stand in relation to dividend policies This is the main issue which I will review in my paper below. This question relates to a consideration of the corporate dividend policy as to whether shareholders should be paid sufficient dividends or whether or not they are making sizeable profits on the stock market. Over the last half century academics have spoken in great depth over this issue and suggested conflicting theoretical frameworks to explain their points of view.(Frankfurter 2002).The problem is that these assertions often lack empirical depth to the criticism and stumble upon self contradictions in an attempt to explain corporate dividend behaviour.(Frankfurter 2002).Today academic opinion is divided as to whether dividends are attractive to shareholders and will have a positive impact in stock prices.(Frankfurter 2002 )Another school of thought contends that prices are negatively correlated with dividend payout levels.(Frankfurter 2002).The third view is that firm dividend policy is irrelevant in stock price valuation. (Frankfurter 2002).My paper will discuss and try to recon cile all these views towards a better theory and understanding of this issue. These views are best summed up as being based upon, the tax effect ( Litzenberger and Ramaswamy (1980),)Clientele effects explanations (Elton and Gruber, 1970), Agency theory explanations(Easterbrook 1984), Signalling models(John and Williams (1985), and psychological/sociological explanations (Frankfurter and Lane 1992). Frankfurter and Wood (2002) have even gone ahead to suggest that none of the dividend theories are unequivocally verified. Academics and theorists like (Adam Smith 1937) have recognised that there will always be agency costs related to taking care of shareholder priorities and controlling unruly management staff.(Corporate Governance issues). 2- Definitions and views from academics Dividend policy has a large bearing on agency costs and many academics have recognised this (Fama and Fama) but their belief that payments of large dividends would potentially compensate for the shareholders are often ignored during decision making in a company according to John and Kalay 1982 "Debt covenants to minimize dividend payments are necessary to prevent bondholder wealth transfers to shareholders .Although potentially substantial in precipitation of agency costs, its dividend policy is not a major source of bondholder wealth expropriation. In firms where dividend payouts are limited by bondholder covenants, dividend payout levels are still below the maximum level allowed by the constraints" (Frankfurter

Civil War Amendments to the Constitution Research Proposal

Civil War Amendments to the Constitution - Research Proposal Example This feat is hardly attained by many constitutions across the globe. This paper expounds on the Civil War Amendments to the constitution. According to Bond (1997: 14), Civil War Amendments were made to address the welfare of African Americans in the United States. In particular, the amendments addressed the civil rights of African Americans and they marked the first attempts to accord equal rights to all American citizens, irrespective of their color, race and political affiliations. The Civil War Amendments to the constitutions are contained in the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments (Bond, 1997:35). The Thirteenth amendment that was ratified shortly after the Confederates surrendered in Virginia legally abolished slavery, which had been practiced in the country for long periods, and it was one of the major points of contention in the civil war. According to, Hoemann (1987: 37) the Thirteenth Amendment was the culmination of the Emancipation Proclamation that had earlier been drafted to bequeath African Americans the freedom from enslavement. It was approved in the Congress on January 31 in 1865 and it was ratified eight months later in December 6 of the same year. This amendment consists of two sections (Maltz, 1990,:45).

Stratigec Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stratigec - Assignment Example One of the many locations that Coca Cola has invested its resources in is in Japan, a country that accounts for close to 74% of the sales made in Asia. Having to locate a precise region and country that makes its products move of the shelves at a high rate will be essential for growth of the MNE. The ability to utilise strategies for the growth of the company indicates the benefits that influence the creation of new opportunities for the sake of the company. Answering this question will be quite essential in assisting upcoming MNEs to improve on their sales and revenues, while encouraging them to make good use of the resources available. To tackle this gap in the current literature, this essay will examine the literature present to date, and then look at an example of how Coca Cola manages to expand its services across the world, more so in Japan. An examination of the empirical evidence will also take place as well as an interpretation and discussion of the findings from the examination of Coca Cola and its internationalisation strategies. Multinational companies are the main drivers of globalisation and economic growth. These enterprises use their skills, strategies and resources to make the best out of what they have. The goal is to recreate the growing need for a space in the host country to ensure they capture the markets and make good use of the strategies they have readily placed near them (Arregle, Beamish & HÃ ©bert 2009: 89). They understand that the global cities in place will only benefit if there are outsiders who come and take good advantage of the skills and resources present to improve on their presence geographically and within the industry. The market share they acquire will always depend on how much they invest to acquire exclusive rights to develop their goals within the society (Dellestrand & Kappen 2012:

Self Esteem of Students with Specific Learning Difficulties within a Essay

Self Esteem of Students with Specific Learning Difficulties within a Secondary School - Essay Example The examination explores theoretical and practical ideas about self esteem among dyslexic learners and makes conclusions based on data gathered through students self-assessment and standardized beginning and end assessment tests. The investigation demonstrates that there is a correlation between the Wave 3 Literacy Intervention Programme and the increase in self-esteem of special learners with dyslexia. After a 10-week programme, majority of the students obtained an average ratio of 3.1 which is the desired outcome for the project. The value of Wave 3 Literacy Intervention is thereby established, while looking forward to revisions by way of enriching the intervention programme, especially for special learners who have undergone the programme several times. Introduction â€Å"I've learned that people will forget what you said, people will forget what you did, but people will never forget how you made them feel.† Maya Angelou. This quote, for me, sums up the important position t eachers have and the potential influence they have on their students. I may not be a Socrates, Confucius or Jesus, but I do feel I am a great teacher when I can touch hearts and will, in addition to imparting knowledge and skills to prepare a generation of learners for constructive contemporary living. In this present research activity, I become privileged to teach special learners suffering dyslexia. Soon enough, I face the reality that dyslexics find the school an unpredictable battleground in which they are unskilled to exist ( Scott 2004, p. 55). More particularly, Scott notes that ‘for the vast majority of dyslexic children and adults, school has been a place of psychological and often physical torture. Dyslexia is described as a learning disability in children which hinders their ability to read, write, spell and sometimes speak. Manifested to be either mild or severe in children, neurologists perceive that it is â€Å"never too late to improve their language skillsâ₠¬  (Medicine Net 2012, p.1). Many, although not all, of my specific learning difficulty students come to me burdened with self esteem issues, feeling that they have already failed too many times and fearful that they are about to fail again. While empathy fills me with their suffering, I do not see this condition to be insurmountable, given my awareness of modern approaches to student learning and maturation. At school, failure in literacy has huge knock-on effects for the whole academic curriculum and with all subjects. Failing to read and write is a very public failure (Scott, 2004). Any student with limited proficiency in English including specific disabilities related to literacy runs the risk of being left behind by his or her peers. This brief investigation into the effectiveness of Wave 3 interventions and their potential in raising the self esteem of students is borne not only out of my university studies but a genuine interest in dyslexic students, their need to be heard a nd how I can best serve them through my practice. It is obvious to me that a student’s self esteem has a direct impact on their learning. Educators define learning as â€Å"a long term change in mental representations or associations as a result of experience† (Omrod 2000, p. 10). As a school teacher I can provide that learning