Arms Trade

â€Å"I have seen how easy it is for nuclear contamination to occur, and how hard it is to clean it up†¦. Do nations possess nuclear, chemical and biological weapons because of fear of attack from some other nation, or is it because without them the strong cannot exploit the weak? † Andreas T. The arms trade is a major cause of human rights abuses. Some governments spend more on military expenses than on social development, communications infrastructure and health combined. While every nation has the right and the need to ensure its security, in these changing times, arms requirements and procurements may need to change too. Each year, around $45-60 billion worth of arms sales are agreed. Some two-thirds of sales are made to developing countries. The 5 permanent members of the UN Security Council (US, Russia, France, United Kingdom and China), together with Germany and Italy account for over 80% of the arms sold between 2001 and 2008. Some of the arms sold go to regimes where human rights violations will occur. Corruption often accompanies arms sales due to the large sums of money involved. World military spending had reduced since the Cold War ended, but a few nations such as the US retain high level spending. In recent years, global military expenditure has increased again and is now comparable to Cold War levels again. Recent data shows global spending at over $1. 4 trillion, annually (or $1. 2 trillion at constant 2005 prices). The highest military spender is the US accounting for just under half of the world’s spending, more than the rest of the G7 (most economically advanced countries) combined, and more than all its potential enemies, combined.

Brand and Nescafe Essays

Brand and Nescafe Essays Brand and Nescafe Paper Brand and Nescafe Paper The beginnings of Nescafe can be traced all the way back to 1930, when the Brazilian government first approached Nestle. At that point Brazilian coffee meets Swiss science. Nestle’s coffee researcher Max Morgenthaler, and his team set out immediately to find a way of producing a quality cup of coffee that could be made simply by adding water, yet would retain the coffee’s natural flavor. After seven long years of research in Nestle’s Swiss laboratories, the answer was found. The new product was named NESCAFE – a combination of Nestle and cafe but word wide cafe means coffeehouses or coffee-bars. Nescafe was first introduced in Switzerland, on April 1st, 1938. For the first half of the next decade, however, World War II hindered its success in Europe. Nescafe was soon exported to France, Great Britain and the USA. Without realizing it, America played a key role in re-launching Nescafe on the continent by virtue of the fact that it was included in their food rations. Its popularity grew rapidly through the rest of the decade. By the 1950s, coffee had become the beverage of choice for teenagers, who were flocking to coffeehouses to hear the new rock ’n’ roll music. It is currently estimated that, on average, some 3,000 cups of Nescafe are drunk every second. As is evident Nescafe’s come a long way since 1938 and all is owed to Max Morgenthaler and his team! In Bangladesh under the sole distributorship of Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. , Nescafe Classic was first introduced in 1998. This was a beverage aimed at the upper and middle segment of the population. In October 2000, another Nescafe beverage Nescafe Sunrise was introduced for the lower income population. Other Nescafe products available in the market such as Nescafe Gold, Nescafe gold Blend are all imported and not distributed by Nestle Bangladesh Ltd. NESCAFE has over 70 years of expertise in selecting the best beans, blending, roasting and extracting the flavor of coffee. Our commitment to quality is tested millions of times every day by millions of coffee lovers around the world. - Brand Elements of Nescafe * Brand Name: Nescafe(Nestle + cafe) * Logo: * Symbol: Red Mug * Slogan: Get Set Go!!! * Packaging: Glass, Plastic amp; Aluminum foil * Color: Red, Black amp; Grey * Jingle:CholoSobai†¦ * URL: www. nescafe. com Figure 1: Brand Elements of Nescafe Nescafe Bangladesh Brand Positioning Positioning Statement â€Å"Nescafe is a contemporary, up-beat brand of distinctive quality that offers me a rewarding coffee experience every time, everywhere. † Segmentation and Target Market The company has determined Nescafe’s target market based on a multi-attribute segmentation model. The pattern of segmentation selected is homogenous as well as heterogeneous segmentation based on the analysis of urban and rural area of B angladesh. Behavioral Segmentation Usage Rate: Markets are segmented in to heavy coffee-drinkers, medium to light consumers. Nescafe tries to capture heavy to medium users of its product. Nescafe all products category are positioned on the basis of the consumption rate of consumer. Occasions: Nescafe promotes its beverages as ideal for all occasions such as breakfast, midday, evening, night (when you want to stay awake), important days such as Valentine’s Day, Eid-ul-Fitre and Eid-ul-Azha and so on. Benefits: Nescafe users has been classified as ‘people who seek to be recharged’, ‘people who want to let others know that they have important stations in life’, ‘those who want to start their day with something positive’ and so on. User Status: Nescafe’s markets can be segmented into nonusers, potential users, first-time users and regular users of coffee. So that, some geographic areas people are more potential to buy Nescafe. That’s why, Nescafe distribute more product in that area and the extended distribution according to user status. Demographic Segmentation Income Level: The target market includes all those individuals having a monthly income at least greater than or equal to Tk. 10000. this is basically the target market in order to those who has ability to buy Nescafe. On the other hand to market their premium brand product, Nescafe have different income level consumer for whom Nescafe market has to be obtained their premium product through distribution in different retail shop. Age and Life-Cycle Stage: Nescafe targets the late teens to early thirties segment of the population. As its secondary target market it aims at the 30+ segments. According to Nescafe it is the 18-30s market in Bangladesh that shall be its future potential coffee drinkers and hence it focuses on appealing to them. PsychographicsSegmentation Lifestyle: People believe that coffee consumption is an indicator of their rich and prosperous standard of living. Nescafe users or potential users are assessed to be individuals with active lifestyles and hence Nescafe produced its line of Instant beverages. Personality:Nescafe has an ability of its products with a brand personality that corresponds to its present and potential consumers. Some of the personality traits of Nescafe are: Confident, Positive, Success and Achievement-Oriented,  Getting started in life,  Dynamic and  Optimistic. Social Class: Coffee is a drink for the affluent segment of the society. As such Nescafe targets the upper strata of society through different line extension of premium brand such as Nescafe Gold, Nescafe Metinal, and Sunrise. Geographic Segmentation Urban area: Positioning different category of Nescafe product according consumer life style. Nescafe have to concentrate on how they are positioning to the urban area, because of the positioning would be different based on the area. That’s why Nescafe can market their all kinds product to the urban area like Dhaka, Chittagong, Sylhet and so on. Rural Area:Positioning fewer categories of productsin ruralarea of Bangladesh. Usually in rural area people will find out Nescafe 3in1 coffee, because this product is very popular in very corner of Bangladesh and rural people will able to buy this coffee packet as their income level. - Mass Marketing Nescafe Classic Coffee Nescafe Classic Coffee is an all-time favorite in households worldwide. Nescafe Classic is considered to economy price and coffee for the mass consumer. It has a different size of packet to market it for the mass consumer. Premium Product positioning Nescafe Gold is the premium choice for special, smooth cup of coffee every day. Nescafe Gold is positioned to the market according to geographic and psychographic segmentation. Geographic amp;psychographic segmentation is important for positioning Nescafe premium brand. People those who have higher income level and posh lifestyle and looking for different taste of coffee they will buy Nescafe premium products such as Gold, sunrise, Metinal etc. Niche Marketing Nescafe have a very few product for Niche marketing. Nescafe Brazilian is considered to market for Niche consumer. Nescafe Brazilian is made in Brazil. It’s a Very strong and best for black coffee and very premium priced. Adequate Sales Potential in the Segmentation NESCAFE 3in1 NESCAFE 3in1is a perfect mix of coffee, milk or creamer and sugar in an easy way. This coffee is being distributed to the every corner of Bangladesh. That’s why consumers are able to find Nescafe 3 in 1 in a corner of a tea stall to the retail shop. Figure 2: Product Line Extension - Marketing Mix Pricing Strategy by Nescafe, Bangladesh a) Nescafe Classic Coffee 200gm Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 45| 0. 0| 395. 00| Nescafe Classic Coffee 200g Jar| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 1: Nescafe Classic Coffee b) Nescafe Gold-Germany 100gm Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 45| 0. 20| 395. 00| Nescafe Gold Coffee 100g Jar| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 2: Nescafe Gold Coffee c) Nescafe Classic Instant Coffee 100gm Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 23553| 0. 10| 225. 00| Nescafe Classic Instant Coffee 100g Jar| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 3: Nescafe Classic Instant Coffee ) Nescafe 3in1 Coffee 11. 5gm*4pc Product Code| Weight (Kg/Lt/oz. /pcs)| Price(Taka)| Item Name| Manufacturer| Recent Rating| 26191| 11. 50| 24. 00| Nescafe 3in1 11. 5gm*4pc| NA| Buyer Rating| Table 4: Nescafe 3in1 Coffee - Nature of competition A certain type of customer ofte n defines the nature of competition because others firms have also decided to target that segment in the plane to do in the future because consumer in that segment already may look to other brand in their purchase decisions. Major Competition takes on others basis of channels of distribution, resources, capabilities amp; price. - Distribution Strategy by Nescafe, Bangladesh Nescafe use temperature resistant glass which helps to protect the coffee from moisture and oxygen. As Nescafe do not use any preservative for their coffee, so air tight foil of the jar plays a vital role for keeping the coffee fresh for long time. Nescafe jars are imported by Nestle Bangladesh from Nestle Malaysia. For jars only one packaging activity is conducted here in Bangladesh that is labeling. Nestle Bangladesh only change the label of the jars in the factory of Sreepur. But the Sachet and Nescafe 3 in 1 is packaged in Bangladesh. For sachet and Nescafe 3 in 1 raw material such as coffee, Coffee mate are imported from Malaysia and they use local sugar [United Sugar Mills Ltd, Abdul Monem Sugar Refinery (Igloo sugar)]. In the factory of Sreepur they mix coffee, coffee mate, sugar to produce Nescafe 3 in 1. Nestle have started this production from November, 2009 they have the local supplier of packaging material for these products, e. g. Anmon Packages Ltd. In total they have 15 local supplier of packaging material. These suppliers always design the packaging material like- label, sachet etc according to the demand of Nestle Bangladesh. Nestle use food grade plastic for packaging Nescafe 3 in 1 and Sachet. Nestle always help these suppliers by giving them proper training. They also share resources with packaging suppliers. - Distribution channel of Nescafe After analyzing all the processes of Supply Chain Management of Nescafe we have identified that their supply chain management is very much effective. The reasons behind our perception are as follows: Collection of raw material: Nescafe is collecting raw materials from the suppliers who can guarantee about quality. Nescafe is always conscious about the quality that’s why they are encouraging the suppliers not to use more fertilizer and insecticides. These things are helping Nescafe to deliver quality products. In case of processing the coffee beans Nescafe is very much careful about quality. They are not using any kind of preservatives which ensures better quality. Packaging: Their packaging is not only attractive but also helps to keep the coffee fresh for long time. Nescafe is also helping their packaging suppliers to improve the packaging quality. Nescafe strong distribution network are making Nescafe available all over the country. They can reach any corner of the country with their distribution network but others like Mac coffee may not be able to do so. Nescafe| Mac coffee| Strong distribution network| Weak distribution network| - Point of Parity amp; Point of Difference There are two important concepts when it comes to positioning: points of parity and points of difference. When a brand establishes a frame of reference, or competitive set, there are obvious points of parity. These are features and benefits offered by basically everyone. In our product Nescafe coffee also provide same raw material, same taste, and same flavor. These are all point of parity. Points of difference are the things that help a brand stand out. These are the factors that drive purchase. These Nescafe coffees have some unique difference than other products. This product have Low price with high quality, Taste with low calories, Nutritious with good tasting, affection with mild. - Brand Exploratory Research Methodology It is a systematic approach of detailed assessment of brand equity, collecting the information; analyzing the information and providing alternate suggestions. Three type of project research can be distinguished. Some research is exploratory, i. e. to gather preliminary data to shed light on the real nature of the problem and suggest possible hypothesis on new ideas. Defining the purpose and research objective The research objective state that what information is needed to perform a detailed assessment of brand equity using some concepts and tools. The objective of the research is doing competitive analyses of Nescafe Coffee and finding the shortcoming it. Developing Research Plan Once the objective is defined, the next step is to prepare a plan for getting the information needed for the research. The present study will adopt exploratory approach. Where there is a need to gather a large amount of information before making a conclusion if required. The descriptive and casual approaches may also be used. Collection and sources of Data To collect the data, relevant information is necessary as regards to the project; as a result data was collected by using two ways: * Primary Data * Secondary Data Primary Data: The information is being possessed with first-hand information, which is new and fresh. The tools used by us for the primary data are as follow: * Questionnaire * Face-to-face interview Secondary Data: The information that is received with the help of Journals, Magazines, or which is already present with the company. * References used from management books Gathered information through World Wide Web (www). Sampling Plan Sampling unit: The respondents were mainly the IUB graduate students. Sampling size: A survey was conducted for 30 thirty respondents across IUB. Analyze the collected information This involves converting raw material in to useful information. It involves tabulation of data and using statically measures on them for developing frequency distribution, knowledge abo ut the brand, and popularity of the brand and consumer perception towards the brand. Report research finding This phase will mark the culmination of the marketing research efforts. The report with the research finding is a formal written document. Based on the term paper and the current market situation of Nescafe, we have made some questionnaire and based on the information, we demonstrated brand exploratory Some of the major questionnaire discussion is described below – 1. Do you prefer Nescafe when you like to take coffee? Figure 3: Sales On the above pie chart we can see that 93% students are saying that they like to have Nescafe whenever they like to take coffee. So it can be measured that how much popular the Nescafe brand is. 2. Do you find out Nescafe available whenever you want to have it? Figure 4: Product Availability From the above pie chart we can demonstrated that 90% people find Nescafe available everywhere. That means Nescafe distribution is very strong, that’s why most of the consumer able to buy it from their near shop. 3. Do you think Nescafe price is adequate with its quality? From the below pie chart we measure that how consumer perceived about Nescafe price. 83% people think that the price of Nescafe is adequate with its quality and rest of the respondent think its not adequate and some respondent think it may go with its price. Figure 5: Price Adequacy with Price . How many times a day you like to have a Nescafe while in work? Figure 6: Consumption Rate It is very important for Nescafe that how much coffee Bangladeshi people are consuming. From the above pie chart it can be measured that every day consumer like to have Nescafe, 43% respondent are having Nescafe in every day and 34% people like to have coffee more than two times. In Bangladesh Nesca fe is doing their business very effectively and very efficiently. Nescafe promotional activities are very effective as well. Most of the respondents like Nescafe promotion and advertisement. So that consumer get more knowledgeable about Nescafe as well as consumer will be affiliated with the brand. We have asked to the respondents regarding Nescafe promotional activities which are described below – 5. Do you think that the current promotion effort of Nescafe coffee is enough for you to know about its product? (If your answer is no then give your opinion) Figure 7: Perception towards Nescafes Current Promotion From the above mentioned pie chart we demonstrate that Nescafe current promotion is obtaining to associate with more consumers. As a result, Nescafe is capturing their market share promptly as they have already captured most of the market share. In additional to this, Nescafe is very much concerned about their distribution channel. Consumers are able to find Nescafe every retail shop to tea stall in most of the corner of the country. Especially Nescafe 3in1 is very popular for tea stall. Moreover, Nescafe premium brand such as Gold, Matanil and so on is being distributed to the specific geographic area where consumer would like to have those premium brands. - Recommendation * Targeting to huge rural population After reviewing all the things we have come up with some recommendations for Nescafe which are as follows Coffee for rural areas of Bangladesh: For the product Nescafe Nestle Bangladesh limited can target the huge rural population of Bangladesh. Because they have a very strong distribution network and they also have different product categories of Nescafe. * Establishment of Coffee processing plant and Packaging materials industry Nestle basically import Coffee bulk and other finished products of Nescafe from Nestle Malaysia. They also rely on the outside suppliers for packaging materials. But we think that, they can establish their coffee processing plant and packaging materials industry in Bangladesh because of cheap labor price in Bangladesh and Nestle Bangladesh ltd also get good support from the parent company. * Introducing premium brand to the premium restaurant across the cities of Bangladesh Nescafe basically distribute their all premium brand in some specific area where consumer’s living standard and life style is very rich. However, if Nescafe can introduce their premium brand to the different popular restaurant as well as famous fast-food chain in the urban area such as Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet, Nescafe will retain huge number of consumer. As a result, the consumption rate of the premium brand will rise. - References * nescafe. com/worldwide/en/Pages/Home. aspxy * http://nestle. bdjobs-server. com/bd. htm * scribd. com/doc/23372208/COMPETITIVE-ANALYSES-OF-NESTLE’S-NESCAFE - Questionnaire 1. Do you prefer Nescafe when you like to take coffee? a. YESb. NO 2. Do you find out Nescafe available whenever you want to have it? b. YESb. NOc. SOMETIMES 3. Do you think Nescafe price is adequate with its quality? c. YESb. NOc. MAY BE 4. How many times a day you like to have a Nescafe while in work? d. LESS THAN 1b. 1-2 TIMES c. 2-4 TIMESd. MORE THAN 4 5. Do you think that the current promotion effort of Nescafe coffee is enough for you to know about its product? (If your answer is no then give your opinion) e. YESb. NO

History of Romance Dating Customs

History of Romance Dating Customs Where would we be without romance? What was courtship and marriage like for our distant ancestors? Beginning with the ancient Greeks recognition of the need to describe more than one kind of love, inventing the word eros to describe carnal love, and agape to mean a spiritual love, take a stroll back through romantic heritage with this timeline of romantic customs, dating rituals, and tokens of love. Ancient Courtship In ancient times, many of the first marriages were by capture, not choice - when there was a scarcity of nubile women, men raided other villages for wives. Frequently the tribe from which a warrior stole a bride would come looking for her, and it was necessary for the warrior and his new wife to go into hiding to avoid being discovered. According to an old French custom, as the moon went through all its phases the couple drank a brew called metheglin, which was made from honey. Hence, we get the word, honeymoon. Arranged marriages were the norm, primarily business relationships born out of the desire and/or need for property, monetary or political alliances. Medieval Chivalry From buying a woman dinner to opening a door for her, many of todays courting rituals are rooted in medieval chivalry. During medieval times, the importance of love in a relationship emerged as a reaction to arranged marriages but was still not considered a prerequisite in matrimonial decisions. Suitors wooed their intended with serenades and flowery poetry, following the lead of lovelorn characters on stage and in verse. Chastity and honor were highly regarded virtues. In 1228, it is said by many that women first gained the right to propose marriage in Scotland, a legal right that then slowly spread through Europe. However, a number of historians have pointed out that this supposed leap year proposal statute never occurred, and instead gained its legs as a romantic notion spread in the press.   Victorian Formality During the Victorian Era (1837-1901), romantic love became viewed as the primary requirement for marriage and courting became even more formal - almost an art form among the upper classes. An interested gentleman could not simply walk up to a young lady and begin a conversation. Even after being introduced, it was still some time before it was considered appropriate for a man to speak to a lady or for a couple to be seen together. Once they had been formally introduced, if the gentleman wished to escort the lady home he would present his card to her. At the end of the evening, the lady would look over her options and choose who would be her escort. She would notify the lucky gentleman by giving him her own card requesting that he escort her home. Almost all courting took place in the girls home, under the eye of watchful parents. If the courting progressed, the couple might advance to the front porch. Smitten couples rarely saw each other without the presence of a chaperone, and mar riage proposals were frequently written. Courtship  Customs Tokens of Love Some of the Nordic countries have courtship customs involving knives. For example, in Finland when a girl came of age, her father let it be known that she was available for marriage. The girl would wear an empty sheath attached to her girdle. If a suitor liked the girl, he would put a puukko knife in the sheath, which the girl would keep if she was interested in him.The custom of bundling, found in many parts of 16th and 17th century Europe and America, allowed courting couples to share a bed, fully clothed, and often with a bundling board between them or bolster cover tied over the girls legs. The idea was to allow the couple to talk and get to know each other but in the safe (and warm) confines of the girls house.Dating back to 17th century Wales, ornately carved spoons, known as lovespoons, were traditionally made from a single piece of wood by a suitor to show his affection to his loved one. The decorative carvings have various meanings - from an anchor meaning I desire to settl e down to an intricate vine meaning love grows. Chivalrous gentlemen in England often sent a pair of gloves to their true loves. If the woman wore the gloves to church on Sunday it signaled her acceptance of the proposal.In some parts of 18th-century Europe, a biscuit or small loaf of bread was broken over the head of the bride as she emerged from the church. Unmarried guests scrambled for the pieces, which they then placed under their pillows to bring dreams of the one they would someday marry. This custom is believed to be the precursor of the wedding cake.Many cultures throughout the world recognize the idea of matrimony as the ties that bind. In some African cultures, long grasses are braided together and used to tie the hands of the groom and bride together to symbolize their union. Delicate twine is used in the Hindu Vedic wedding ceremony to bind one of the brides hands to one of the hands of the groom. In Mexico the practice of having a ceremonial rope loosely place around both of the necks of the bride and groom to bind t hem together is common.

Battle of Albuera in the Peninsular War

Battle of Albuera in the Peninsular War Battle of Albuera -Conflict Date: The Battle of Albuera was fought on May 16, 1811, and was part of the Peninsular War, which was part of the larger Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). Armies Commanders: Allies Marshal William BeresfordLieutenant General Joaquin Blake35,884 men French Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult24,260 men Battle of Albuera - Background: Advancing north in early 1811, to support French efforts in Portugal, Marshal Jean de Dieu Soult invested the fortress city of Badajoz on January 27. After stubborn Spanish resistance, the city fell on March 11. Learning of Marshal Claude Victor-Perrins defeat at Barrosa the next day, Soult left a strong garrison under Marshal Édouard Mortier and retreated south with the bulk of his army. With his situation in Portugal improving, Viscount Wellington dispatched Marshal William Beresford to Badajoz with the goal of relieving the garrison. Departing on March 15, Beresford learned of the citys fall and slowed the pace of his advance. Moving with 18,000 men, Beresford scattered a French force at Campo Maior on March 25, but was subsequently delayed by a wide range of logistical issues. Finally laying siege to Badajoz on May 4, the British were forced to cobble together a siege train by taking guns from the nearby fortress town of Elvas. Reinforced by the remnants of the Army of Estremadura and the arrival a Spanish army under General Joaquà ­n Blake, Beresfords command numbered over 35,000 men. Battle of Albuera - Soult Moves: Underestimating the size of the Allied force, Soult gathered 25,000 men and began marching north to relieve the Badajoz. Earlier in the campaign, Wellington has met with Beresford and suggested the heights near Albuera as a strong position should Soult return. Utilizing information from his scouts, Beresford determined that Soult intended to move through the village on his way to Badajoz. On May 15, Beresfords cavalry, under Brigadier General Robert Long, encountered the French near Santa Marta. Making a hasty retreat, Long abandoned the east bank of the Albuera River without a fight. Battle of Albuera - Beresford Responds: For this he was sacked by Beresford and replaced by Major General William Lumley. Through the day on the 15th, Beresford moved his army into positions overlooking the village and river. Placing Major General Charles Altens Kings German Legion Brigade in the village proper, Beresford deployed Major General John Hamiltons Portuguese division and his Portuguese cavalry on his left wing. Major General William Stewarts 2nd Division was placed directly behind the village. Through the night additional troops arrived and Blakes Spanish divisions were deployed to extend the line south. Battle of Albuera - The French Plan: Major General Lowry Coles 4th Division arrived in the early morning of May 16 after marching south from Badajoz. Unaware that the Spanish had joined with Beresford, Soult devised a plan for assaulting Albuera. While Brigadier General Nicolas Godinots troops attacked the village, Soult intended to take the bulk of his troops in a wide flank attack on the Allied right. Screened by olive groves and freed from the hassle of Allied cavalry, Soult began his flanking march as Godinots infantry moved forward with cavalry support. Battle of Albuera - The Fight is Joined: To sell the diversion, Soult advanced Brigadier General Franà §ois Werlà ©s men on Godinots left, causing Beresford to reinforce his center. As this occurred, French cavalry, then infantry appeared on the Allied right. Recognizing the threat, Beresford ordered Blake to shift his divisions to face south, while ordering the 2nd and 4th Divisions to move to support the Spanish. Lumleys cavalry was dispatched to cover the right flank of the new line, while Hamiltons men shifted to aid in the fighting at Albuera. Ignoring Beresford, Blake only turned four battalions from General Gen Josà © Zayas division. Seeing Blakes dispositions, Beresford returned to the scene and personally issued orders to bring the rest of the Spanish into line. Before this could be accomplished, Zayas men were assaulted by the division of General Jean-Baptiste Girard. Immediately behind Girard, was General Honorà © Gazans division with Werlà © in reserve. Attacking in a mixed formation, Girards infantry met fierce resistance from the outnumbered Spaniards but were able to slowly push them back. To support Zayas, Beresford sent forward Stewarts 2nd Division. Rather than forming behind the Spanish line as ordered, Stewart moved around the end of their formation and attacked with Lieutenant Colonel John Colbornes brigade. After meeting initial success, a heavy hail storm erupted during which Colbornes men were decimated by an attack on their flank by French cavalry. Despite this disaster, the Spanish line stood firm causing Girard to halt his assault. The pause in the fighting allowed Beresford to form Major General Daniel Houghton and Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Abercrombies behind the Spanish lines. Advancing them forward, they relieved the battered Spanish and met Gazans attack. Focusing on Houghtons segment of the line, the French battered the defending British. In brutal fighting, Houghton was killed, but line held. Watching the action, Soult, realizing he was badly outnumbered, began to lose his nerve. Advancing across the field, Coles 4th Division entered the fray. To counter, Soult dispatched cavalry to attack Coles flank, while Werlà ©s troops were thrown at his center. Both attacks were defeated, though Coles men suffered heavily. As the French were engaging Cole, Abercrombie pivoted his relatively fresh brigade and charged into Gazan and Girard’s flank driving them from the field. Defeated, Soult brought up troops to cover his retreat. Battle of Albuera - Aftermath: One of the bloodiest battles of the Peninsular War, the Battle of Albuera cost Beresford 5,916 casualties (4,159 British, 389 Portuguese and 1,368 Spaniards), while Soult suffered between 5,936 and 7,900. While a tactical victory for the Allies, the battle proved to be of little strategic consequence as they were forced to abandon their siege of Badajoz a month later. Both commanders have been criticized for their performance in the battle with Beresford failing to use Coles division earlier in the fight and Soult being unwilling to commit his reserves to the assault. Selected Sources British Battles: Battle of AlbueraPeninsular War: Battle of AlbueraHistory of War: Battle of Albuera

Scale in Space Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Scale in Space - Essay Example While the earth has the biotic diversity with defining interactions, little evidence exists to show possible existence of life in the other planets. This induces uncertainty and prompts need for research amidst theories that people have help about the universe. Efforts by astronomers, into developed knowledge about each planet of the solar system has however developed awareness of each planet’s potential and helped to dispel wrong perspectives that people had developed, and held on, about the planets (Trimble 19). Information exist that demonstrate order in the universe, an arrangement whose existence is known but whose origin and history remains a mystery that only scientific research can unlock. The course has however, and through different approaches, been helpful in developing knowledge on the solar system. Its content that covers much information about the solar system has been informative, and independent research on emerging issues and concerns on existing theories on the solar system has improved my understanding of the system. One of the lessons that I have learnt about the universe is its long-term existence, dating back to more than 38 million years ago. I have also developed insights into forces around the universe that hat has sustained it (Trimble 37). In addition, I have developed great insights from the course with the need to preserve the universe as an important responsibility that human beings have. In understanding the role of the earth in the universe, the course has info rmed me of the need for human beings to be effectively involved in ensuring sustainability of the universe. Even though natural mechanisms exist, initiated and facilitated by different elements of the solar system, which ensures sustainability of the solar system, humans must play an active role in the sustainability through controlling

The Conspiracies Surrounding the Assassination of John F. Kennedy Research Paper

The Conspiracies Surrounding the Assassination of John F. Kennedy - Research Paper Example It is evident from the opinion poll conducted by ABC News in 2003 wherein 70 percent of the people did not approve of the fact that Oswald planned the assassination by himself, and no outside forces were involved in the plotting. Their argument was that bullets aimed at from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository could not have succeeded in aiming at the President. They felt the presence of another gunman, possibly aiming at from the Grassy knoll of Dealey Plaza. There were still others who felt that President Kennedy was assassinated under a greater conspiracy. Doubt has been expressed over the role of CIA agents who might have shown their anguish over the Bay of Pigs or at the provocation of Vice President Lyndon Johnson. KGB functionaries were also under the scanner besides mobsters who were annoyed at Kennedy's brother for prosecuting organized crime rings. Thus, the assassination of President Kennedy was one of history's most famous political assassinations whose ca use and culprits are still not confirmed. Amid rumors, 32 percent of those polled by ABC think that Oswald acted on his own (Time Specials par. 1-2) Facts There are numerous conspiracy theories doing the rounds around the assassination of President Kennedy. After being arrested, Oswald was shot at and murdered by Jack Ruby not long after being arrested. General opinion was that it was Oswald who assassinated the President but he was not alone. People had doubts over the KGB, the FBI, and the American underworld. Most of the witnesses were not sure as to from which direction the bullets came, strengthening the theory that there were more than one shooter.

LDAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

LDAP - Essay Example Therefore, the need to use LDAP becomes largely unnecessary. In its goal to remain lightweight, LDAP does not include a security or encryption service, and with the increasing concerns about network security, this option makes it use less prevalent among businesses and individual users (Gracion Software, 2011). An open source protocol allows user contribution to the software development. When LDAP became open source, the developers intended to eliminate dependence on a select group of vendors and increase the usability options for the internet directory service (Arkills, 2003). By making LDAP an open protocol system, it enabled its usage and faster advancement in a still developing computing field of internet directory services. LDAP is a lightweight directory management program, meaning that it makes minimal use of the system resources. In addition, apart from offering the traditional directory management tasks, LDAP allows directory update tasks. For many organizations with online directories offering selective access to information, LDAP is quite useful as it allows authentication for access to directory services alongside update services in accordance to user preferences. Finally, LDAP helps computers within a network to perform such tasks such as self-authentication to other computers in the network, configure the network environment, and manage access privileges (Arkills, 2003). The use of LDAP is more appropriate for organizations that run online directories. LDAP helps manage directories, especially with regard to update and validation of access by the authorized users (Arkills, 2003). The LDAP is more beneficial to programmers with interest in developing internet directories using C and C++ programs. These programmers usually work with corporate clients such as businesses in creating effective and easy to manage directory systems. LDAP is an