Billy Bathegate By EL Doctorow Essay Research free essay sample

Billy Bathegate By E.L. Doctorow Essay, Research Paper Billy Bathgate is an of import American novel in it # 8217 ; s portraiture of one immature adult male # 8217 ; s development from boyhood to adulthood. The novel is about a 15 twelvemonth old male child that gets taken under the wing of Dutch Schultz, a 1930 # 8217 ; s gangster seeking to maintain a clasp of his diminishing imperium. As the novel unfolds, so does the lifting adulthood of the tough immature adult male introduced to us as Billy Bathgate. Billy finds himself in state of affairss that most of us neer see in our whole life. In difference to the reactions that most people would hold in these state of affairss, Billy learns from them in order to break his function in the offense household. It is for these grounds that the immature 15 twelvemonth old male child rapidly develops into a adult male. Author Overview The novel was written in 1989 by a contemporary writer named E. We will write a custom essay sample on Billy Bathegate By EL Doctorow Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page L. Doctorow. Doctorow was born in 1931 and fantasized about the 1930 # 8217 ; s offense life as a kid. He is an American novelist, short narrative author, editor, litterateur, as good as a playwright. His plants include Big as Life, The Book of Daniel, Ragtime, Loon Lake, World # 8217 ; s Fair, , Lives of the Poets: Six Stories and a Novella, a drama entitled Drinks Before Dinner and of class his most recent work Billy Bathgate. Billy Bathgate is Doctorow # 8217 ; s most celebrated piece of literature. In fact, the book grasped so much attending that it was subsequently made into a film with an all star cast including Bruce Willis, Dustin Hoffman and Nicole Kidman. Although the movie left out a batch of item, as so many films based on novels tend to make, it was interesting to see the luxuriant item given to the vesture, attitude, and background that so accurately reflect the interior metropolis Bronx in the 1930 # 8217 ; s. Doctorow # 8217 ; s explicit, in writing item show his about captivation with offense and slaying. He about glamorizes the life of offense in Billy Bathgate. Critical Analisys Although Billy Bathgate was written rather late, there is an inflow of critical sentiment reflecting the esteem of Doctorow # 8217 ; s prowess in literature. # 8220 ; Critics marveled at Doctorow # 8217 ; s graphic description of New York City in the 1930 # 8217 ; s and of the horrific slayings committed by Dutch and his gang. # 8221 ; ( CLC volume 65 Author Overview ) # 8220 ; Billy Bathgate is intended as pure myth, a kind of Robin Hood for grown-ups. Other novels may be more psychologically elusive or emotionally resonating. But few of those celebrate, every bit good as Billy Bathgate does, the altogether, sometimes amoral energy of life, so frequently feared by the cautious and the prissily virtuous # 8230 ; Billy Bathgate, with it # 8217 ; s driving beat and hair-trigger images, is every bit brisk as a shooting of Dutch Schultz # 8217 ; s bootleg scotch. # 8221 ; ( Bemrose p. 58-9 ) Having read the first chapter of the novel, any reader would cognize precisely what Mr. Bemrose is speaking about. The fresh sort of grabs you and dares you to set it down because it knows that you can # 8217 ; t. Bemrose continues by stating # 8220 ; Billy Bathgate is a jubilation of life as good, peculiarly the life of young person, with it # 8217 ; s unbounded resiliency and semblances of immortality. # 8221 ; ( Bemrose 58-9 ) # 8220 ; He ( Doctorow ) is interested non in the abstractions of corruptness, but in the simple, emotional things of the condemnable existence-what it feels like to be a mobster, what moral and psychological existence one inhabit. It # 8217 ; s twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours mechanics and, possibly most significantly, how one survives a life of force. Therefore, underneath the soft prose of Billy # 8217 ; s voice, we are given glances of the homicidal danger of the condemnable life, and how the people who live it, peculiarly it # 8217 ; s leaders, maintain their caputs above water. # 8221 ; ( Clifford p.29 ) Puting Doctorow accomplishes the undertaking of animating the Bronx in the 1930 # 8217 ; s with flawlessness. Everything from the attitude of the depression to the reality of the pack scene is more than vividly expressed throughout the novel. It # 8217 ; s about like Doctorow paints the image of the 1930 # 8217 ; s in such an expressed mode that the reader can smell the tenseness of fiscal load in the air. # 8220 ; Critics marveled at Doctorow # 8217 ; s graphic descriptions of New York City in The 1930 # 8217 ; s # 8230 ; # 8221 ; ( CLC vol. 65 Author Overview ) # 8220 ; Doctorow # 8217 ; s fresh makes full and loving usage of the manners, the artefacts, the relishs and the beat of the 30 # 8217 ; s. He is wonderfully adept at acquiring into the ideas and the slang of the time. # 8221 ; ( Eder p.3 ) Doctorow doesn # 8217 ; t merely convey us the mid-thirtiess, he brings us the mid-thirtiess that cipher else will. In the depression epoch, there were many things that were done for money because there was no option. Three of these things were theft, bootlegging, and packs, all of which seemed to come manus in manus with another. Billy and his stripling friends are common stealers until Dutch Schultz takes Billy under his wing. Dutch Schultz himself was on a moonshine tally when he met Billy. Equally far as the packs, good, the whole book is about packs. # 8220 ; In composing Billy Bathgate out of a male child # 8217 ; s divided truenesss, E.L. Doctorow has restored to The memory of American civilization the epoch of the Great Depression it has tried to bury. In retrieving the cultural bequest of the Depression epoch, Doctorow has produced a book that promises to stay as lasting an add-on to it # 8217 ; s civilization as The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, it # 8217 ; s cultural predecessor. # 8221 ; ( Pease p.458-9 ) Doctorow does a dramatic occupation in animating the 30 # 8217 ; s in his latest novel Billy Bathgate. Word picture Doctorow besides does an first-class occupation in making characters that the reader can bask and fear. Billy can be characterized as a greedy, decieving, and underhand character in the novel. Billy continues to portray these qualities all the manner to the terminal of the novel. Doctor # 8217 ; s characters are so good created that the reader can acquire a feel of who they truly are. Billy is a really dynamic character in his ability to expose so many qualities throughout the novel. One of these qualities is his demand for greed. In fact the lone ground he even gets involved in the pack scene is becaus e dollar marks start turn overing in his eyes. Billy learns from Schmaltz’s comptroller, Abbadabba Berman, that money is the lone thing that is of import. Berman slips Billy money here and at that place and makes him a pupil of fiscal importance which aid in Billy’s greedy ways. This greed for money finally leads to Billy stealing Dutch Schultz’s luck at the terminal of the book. At the terminal of the novel, the storyteller ( Billy ) says that he was traveling to utilize the money to get down his ain offense household but neer truly reveals whether or non he did. He does uncover, nevertheless, that he used some of the money to acquire an Ivy League instruction that would explicate Billy # 8217 ; s huge vocabulary while narrating the novel. Billy is so avaricious that he watches Abbadabba Berman use the safe in order to memorise the safe codification in attempt to endorse knife his fatherlike figure Schultz. It is apparent to see that everything Billy does throughout the fresh exemplifies his passionate greed. Billy besides demonstrates that he is lead oning in his ain selfish ways. For illustration, when he steals Dutch Schultz # 8217 ; s money, he does non even believe twice about all the things that Schultz did for him. Schultz took Billy off the streets and made him a wealthy immature adult male in place to larn everything that Schultz and his pack can learn him. Billy did non even believe twice about that when he slept with his wise man # 8217 ; s lover. That is approximately every bit deceiving as a individual can acquire. You do non merely kip with your wise man # 8217 ; s adult female unless you have a serious decease want. If Billy would hold been caught, the constabulary would hold found him have oning cement boots at the underside of the ocean along side Bo Weinberg. This shows that Billy displays bravery every bit good. The mere fact that a 15 twelvemonth old male child would acquire assorted up in an organized offense household such as that of Dutch Schultz, shows that Billy is a brave. At 15 old ages old, Billy was watching people die at gun point. Speaking of being brave, he slept with Schult # 8217 ; z adult female. Billy was good cognizant of the things that Dutch Schultz did to people who did simple thing like prevarication to him. He watched people die for nil but Schultz # 8217 ; s intuition that they might endorse pang him. For Billy to kip with Dutch Schultz # 8217 ; s adult female shows that he is both brave and brave. Billy was beyond good cognizant of what Schultz was capable of because he has seen it with his ain eyes. Billy was besides good cognizant that the pack leader would non even believe twice about killing person who was disrespectful plenty to kip with his adult female. Despite all that, Billy continued to make things as he pleased and non acquire caught. In a manner, one c ould state that he learned all these unadmirable features by none other than Dutch Schultz himself. His wise man taught him everything that he knew. On the other manus, Billy was besides good cognizant that Dutch Schultz would non let anyone to disrespect him and go on to breath on his ain. Towards the terminal of the book, Billy becomes cognizant of Schultz # 8217 ; s program to kill his adult female because she was a informant to the slaying of Bo Wienberg who was her last lover. Billy heard this by easiness dropping on one of Schultz # 8217 ; s conversations that was non intended for Billy # 8217 ; s ears. Billy was besides trusted by Schultz to watch over Ms. Preston because he was merely 15. Schultz would hold neer thought that the two of them would hold a love matter. Because Billy promised Bo Wienberg that he would watch over her, he spoke with her homosexual hubby and had her whisked away before Schultz had a opportunity to hold her killed. This is yet another premier illustration of his disloyalty to Dutch Schultz, and his courage despite what could hold happened to him . All of these action besides show that Billy is Sneaky no affair what the effect may be. Let # 8217 ; s face it, despite all these actions, Billy neer gets caught. I feel that E. L. Doctorow does an highly impressive occupation in making word picture that keeps the reader so eager to expect what Billy # 8217 ; s following move is that when they fall asleep with the book on their face, they dream about it. Billy is an highly dynamic character that demonstrates qualities such as his greed, craftiness, and his cunning ability to pull off to non acquire caught with his underhand ways. Opinion of the novel Although I have non read many novels, I was surprisingly impressed with E.L. Doctorow # 8217 ; s Billy Bathgate. Equally shortly as you read the first chapter, you become every bit addicted as to it as Robert Downey Jr. is to cocaine. Equally pathetic as that may sound, anyone who reads the novel would surely hold. The secret plan, word picture, and expressed item given to the slayings of Dutch Schultz and his pack make this the absolute most interesting novel that I have of all time had the pleasance of reading. It is one of those novels that you merely can non set down if you try. Billy Bathgate is a critical American novel in it # 8217 ; s portraiture of a male child # 8217 ; s journey to go a adult male Bibliography Bemrose, John. # 8220 ; Turning Up in Gangland. # 8221 ; in Maclean # 8217 ; s Magazine. March 1989: 58-9. Vol. 102, No 12 Clifford, Andrew. # 8220 ; True-ish Crime Stories. # 8221 ; in The Listener. September 1989: p.29. vol. 122, no. 3131. Eder, Richard. # 8220 ; Siege Perilous in the Court of Dutch Schultz. # 8221 ; in Los Angeles Times Book Review. March 1989. p. 3. Kazin, Alfred. # 8220 ; Huck in the Bronx. # 8221 ; in The New Republic. March 1989. Pp.40-2. Leonard, John. # 8220 ; Bye Bye Billy. # 8221 ; in The Nation. April 1989. pp. 40-2. Vol. 200 no. 12 Pease, Donald E. # 8220 ; Billy Bathgate- a Review # 8221 ; America. May 1989. P. 458-59 Rubin, Merle. # 8220 ; Bathgate: Technique Surpasses Tale. # 8221 ; The Christian Science Monitor. March 1989. p. 13 Rushdie, Salman. # 8220 ; Billy the Streetwise Kid. # 8221 ; The Observer. September 1989. P.51 Tonkin, Boyd. # 8220 ; A Round Table Story. # 8221 ; New Statesman A ; Society. September 1989. P. 37 Tyler, Anne. # 8220 ; An American Boy in Gangland. # 8221 ; The New York Times Book Review. February 1989. P. 1, 46

Elderly drivers essays

Elderly drivers essays Hey! Get off the road Gramps! This is a statement I have heard many drivers reefer to when driving along side the elderly. I myself am a spectator when it comes to driving and I had always thought that the rude name-calling was a form of ageism from my generation. As I began to pay more attention, even my mother who is 50 years old would often get irritated driving behind a senior citizen. I wanted to find out if it was simply that a society was too impatient for its elders, or if these older drivers were really causing problems on the road. I chose two journal entries of contrasting views and tried to come up with my own solution to this problem. Melanie Crane has written For Safetys Sake, which as it states in the title, goes into depth on how unsafe it is for seniors to continue driving. While Rodger Cobb brings up the pros and cons to this sensitive subject with; Are Elderly Drivers A Road Hazard? Together they made me understand the dangers and importance of driving while aging. Although the two authors view points that I have chosen to discuss, do not concur with each other, they do come to an agreement that 65 years of age, is the customary age for identifying a senor citizen. The facts also state, that there is today a majority in the percentage of elderly Americans, there are half as many teenagers in correlation. Recent progress in medicine and technology also keeps the number of older Americans increasing in percentage, making the number larger each passing year. Melanie Crane stated; from 1987 to 1997, their numbers strengthened 2.1 times as quickly as the rest of the population. Furthermore, this increases the population of elderly drivers. Crane added that with this increased population there are increased risks, in 1997 when the elderly only held 13 percent of the population, they held 18 percent of automobile accidents. Crane driving home her point turns to the fact that by 2030 it is ...

Investments, Corp. Finance and Financial Markets Essay - 1

Investments, Corp. Finance and Financial Markets - Essay Example This has adverse effects on the financial institution such as insolvency and therefore banks employ the 5 C’s of Credit Scoring to evaluate whether or not a person should be entitled to a loan. The 5 C’s are based on the characteristics of the borrower and are explained in detail as follows. Character- The bank seeks basic information from the borrower such as his trustworthiness, integrity, work, reputation based on previous history with lenders, any defaults. Some of this information could be accessed easily through credit reports. A credit report is a report generated by the Credit Reference Bureau detailing information on a person’s credit history including identifying information, credit accounts and loans, bankruptcies, late payments and enquiries. Because credit history shall make up the biggest percentage of a borrower’s eventual credit score, it makes sense that he focuses his attention on that factor. This helps evaluate whether he is credit worthy. Capital- The borrower’s equity or net worth is checked in comparison to the amount he so wishes to borrow. If the capital invested is way below the amount borrowed, then that could raise red flags in his ability to repay the loan. Capacity- The borrower is gauged on his sufficiency of yielding positive cash flows during the loan repayment period and the amount is pre-calculated using different analysis criteria such as the Net Present Value, Profitability Index. If he passes this stage, he has to provide a credible plan on his willingness to repay his loan when it’s due. Conditions- Economic conditions dictate whether a loan should be granted to a borrower. For instance, in periods of economic recovery or boom, it is safe for a borrower to be granted a loan because chances of him defaulting are minimal. However, in the recession period, it’s most likely that the borrower will not be in a position to fully settle his obligations and therefore banks

The process of measuring and comparing service utilization Essay

The process of measuring and comparing service utilization - Essay Example The findings of the research indicate that most community mental health programs do not possess the relevant resources to build or buy the types of systems that would help to record notes about clients and the activities that they participate in (Dewa, Horgan, Russell & Keates, 2001). This means that it was difficult to have timely, consistent and accessible information for all community support and services which make it difficult to conduct the evaluations. The research does not provide adequate statistical data. Instead, most of the data provided is descriptive. Nevertheless, the findings have practical significance because of the value it has for program evaluation purposes and administrative purposes in terms of making key decisions on prioritization, planning and staffing needs (Dewa, Horgan, Russell & Keates, 2001).The authors considered all the relevant studies in the sense that they included information from previous researches and contributions from different authors in to the study in form of a background study. The consideration of the studies helped the researchers gain an understanding of the current states of affairs as they relate to the topic of study pointing out that most studies have not given it importance. The authors have discussed all the relevant limitations because they included a section on the challenges that they encountered and a table showing this. The conclusions are justified based on the results presented because the authors provide a conclusion.

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Example for Free

Evolution vs Creationism Essay Many people have their different opinions on how the world came to be. In some cases, people think that the world came to existence from what we call The Big Bang Theory, and others think it was The Almighty God that created the world. I will begin to explain what each is, the origin they came from and their evidence to support their own explanation of how the world was created. What is evolution? Well, evolution can be a difficult concept for people to come to terms with, especially if they do not have much experience with life sciences. Unfortunately, there are too many examples of people who do not understand any of it with many of these people tries to criticize evolution while promoting creationism. Evolution is not a minor matter; it is, in fact, the cornerstone of all modern biology. What is creationism? Like evolution, creationism can have more than one meaning. At its most basic, creationism is the belief that the universe was created by The Almighty God. In some cases, it even is stated that creationism is someone who believes in a god who is absolute creator of heaven and earth, out of nothing, by an act of free will. Many might say that the origins of the evolution came to terms that the universe, with all it contains (space, time, matter and energy) exploded from nothing which is considered The Big Bang, and is the accepted theory among the majority of evolutionists. Evolution is a very unique â€Å"science.† Unlike the origin of creationism, were people believe that it came from The Almighty God. This generally means the taking of the Bible, particularly the early chapters of Genesis, as literally true guides to the history of the universe and to the history of life, including us humans, down here on earth. In a way, creationism is more of a restricted sense of a variety of beliefs that people have in this century and previous ones as well. The evidence that support these findings is very different in many aspects. People say that with evolution, the evidence is very visible. For example, there is biochemical evidence, genetic evidence, and also fossil evidence for how evolution came about. But in creationism, there isn’t any evidence to support it whatsoever. Understanding evolution over creationism is greatly aided by a better understanding of what kinds of evidence exist out there as well as how and why all the evidence clearly supports evolutionary theory but not creationist religion.

Computer Software Piracy And Its Impact On The International Economy :: essays research papers fc

Computer Software Piracy and it's Impact on the International Economy The PC industry is over twenty years old. In those twenty years, evolving software technology brings us faster, more sophisticated, versatile and easy-to-use products. Business software allows companies to save time, effort and money. Educational computer programs teach basic skills and complicated subjects. Home software now includes a wide variety of programs that enhance the users productivity and creativity. The industry is thriving and users stand to benefit along with the publishers. The SPA (Software Publishers Association) reports that the problem of software theft has grown, and threatens to prevent the development of new software products. Unauthorized duplication of software is known as software piracy which is a "Federal offense that affects everyone† ("Software Use..." Internet). The following research examines software piracy in its various forms, its impact on the end user and the international industry as a whole, and the progress that has been made in alleviating the problem. Software piracy harms all software companies and ultimately, the end user. Piracy results in higher prices for honest users, reduced levels of support and delays in funding and development of new products, causing the overall breadth and quality of software to suffer† ("What is...† Internet). Even the users of unlawful copies suffer from their own illegal actions: they receive no documentation, no customer support and no information about product updates ("Software Use..." Internet). The White Paper says that while virtually every software publisher expresses concern about their software from unauthorized duplication, over time, many have simply accepted the so-called "fact" that such duplication is unavoidable. This has created an atmosphere in which software piracy is commonly accepted as "just another cost of doing business" ("With the Growth..." Internet). In a brochure published by the SPA it is stated that a major problem arises from the fact that most people do not even know they are breaking the law. "Because the software industry is relatively new, and because copying software is so easy, many people are either unaware of the laws governing software use or choose to ignore them" ("To Copy or not to Copy" Internet). Robert Perry states that much of the problem of software theft arises from the way the software industry developed. In the past, when a software firm spent millions of dollars to write a program for a mainframe computer, it knew it would sell a handful of copies. It licensed each copy to protect its ownership rights and control the use of each copy. That is easy to do with only a few copies of a program. It is impossible for a software company to handle

Phl 458 Week 4 Individual Assignment Famous Thinkers Paper

Twentieth Century Thinkers PHL/458 Twentieth Century Thinkers The Twentieth Century, the year 1901, proved to be a time of change, brilliance, dedication, and new-found technology (2011). From quill pens to ink pens, horse-drawn carriages to gas powered engines, slavery and segregation of Blacks and Whites to the Civil Rights movement, and from handwriting on tablets to storing important information in a computer; the Twentieth Century made a tremendous amount of positive contributions to society.The contributions made in the Twentieth Century are often over-looked and taken for granted. Americans in particular have become somewhat spoiled with that is â€Å"just there. † What is forgotten and should often is; without the integrity and dedication within the creative minds of the Twentieth Century, the United States would be living as if it were still 1901 rather than 2012. Many individuals are responsible for the growth of this time. Two of the most influential, though each ha d a separate aspiration, are Martin Luther King and Bill Gates.Both men contributed a significant amount, and have gone down in history as individuals who changed the way the world worked personally, socially, and politically. Martin Luther King was one of the most influential civil rights activists and speakers of recent time. According to a Newsday article, King’s mission was to lead the world into a more accepting place with not only the Black American population but also other minority groups. The article also referred to King as, â€Å"Honored most for his heroic civil rights activism in the United States† as well as â€Å"a prophet of peace and justice in a world torn by war in Vietnam† (1992).Among his many accomplishments, Martin Luther King was a doctor, writer of five published books, a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and at the age of 35 he was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize (1964). The â€Å"I Have A Dream† speech given by Martin Luther King captivated the hearts of individuals supporting the Civil Rights cause. His solutions and ideas were implemented widely and had a huge mpact on rights among the White and Black America. In 1950 King, and the NAACP assisted in the â€Å"Brown v. Board of Education,† in Topeka, Kansas, which led to the acceptance of Black Americans in all White public schools (PBS, 2001). The thousands of marches and protests he led among the United States proved that one man can indeed make a difference. Bill Gates is also a man who made a difference in the Twentieth Century, though his passion in the beginning of his career came strictly from knowledge and intelligence.Gates is described by Who’s Who in the Twentieth Century as a â€Å"US businessman who co-founded Microsoft Corporation, which in the 1980s became the leading co mputer software producer. † In 2008, Microsoft was, according to this same source, accused of illegal activities, which led to Gates departure at Microsoft (Phillips, 2008). After Microsoft fell through for Gates, he advanced on to study philanthropy, which is a corporation or individual (s) donate to the goodwill of humanity. Bill Gates, still possessing ties with the Microsoft cooperation could do this combining his newfound wealth and his intelligence (Time Magazine, 2008).An article from Think Big Magazine quotes from Time, â€Å"For many years, Microsoft has used corporate philanthropy to bring technology to people who can't get it otherwise, donating more than $3 billion in cash and software to try to bridge the digital divide† (2008). Martin Luther King and Bill Gates made different, yet important contributions to society. King â€Å"had a dream,† that combined with intelligence and persistence, helped the United States become more accepting toward minorit y groups. Without his determination, America may not have voted in the first Black president.Bill Gates had a dream as well; however, with his wealth Gates dreams could come true slightly faster than Kings. Gates dream, though it began with computer technology, microchips, and corporate ladder climbing; ended with wealth. Without his innovative approach, technology would not have reached the levels on intensity that it has and continue to do over the years, but the goodwill Gates has done for humanity is very noble. Both men brought a completely different level of critical thinking into the world than the other, which could make comparing and critiquing their work, for some individuals, quite difficult.Martin Luther King and Bill Gates, though from the outside looking in may be individuals who had different agendas, have both made a huge impact on society. The courage Martin Luther King had to stand up for his fellow Black American citizens and is comparable to the strength that Bil l Gates has to rise above his initial failure and change himself to better mankind. Both men have offered the Twentieth Century hope for future generations. For an individual to critique the work of either of these men without having put forth any great effort themselves, some may believe is just ignorance and close-mindedness.In a perfect â€Å"dream† world, Martin Luther King and Bill Gates would have collaborated and combined their efforts to achieve a better world. Together their efforts could have been impossible and even more life changing than their work was as individuals. With the wealth of Bill Gates, Martin Luther King may not have had to fight such a battle for freedom, and with the genuine initial compassion as Martin Luther King, Bill Gates may have realized firsthand that his true passion lies within helping humanity.Unfortunately, the time was not meant for them to work as one; however there is hope that future generations will be able to look past White and B lack, wealth and poverty, and combine forces to contribute similar, selfless traits just as King and Gates were able to do as individuals. References http://ehistory. osu. edu/world/TimeLineDisplay. cfm? Era_id=16 This Is Not Just': A Revolution Of Values on the Jericho Road: [CITY Edition] Newsday [Long Island, N. Y] 20 Jan 1992: 58. â€Å"Martin Luther King – Biography†. Nobelprize. rg. October 31, 2011 http://www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio. html http://www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-bio. html http://www. pbs. org/kcet/publicschool/innovators/brown. html â€Å"Gates, Bill†Ã‚  World Encyclopedia. Philip's, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. Apollo Group. October 31, 2011 http://www. thinkbigmagazine. com/mindset/223-billgates-big-thinker http://topics. nytimes. com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/bill_gates/index. html